Case Study of Architect Winston Chu Kum Weng

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 1.0Introduction Architect Winston Chu Kum Weng has a sum of 12 old ages of working experience in the architecture field. His first working experience was as an houseman in an established architecture company – DP Architects. Subsequently, he worked at that place as a undertaking designer for 3 old ages after his graduation. Then, he decided to dispute and further research his calling way, which led him to being the manager of SN Low & A ; Associates. This finding of his has led him to boom in the field of architecture. Despite of his immature age, he has manage to carry through many great accomplishments through his plants, which were chiefly residential and commercial edifices, both locally and overseas such as Singapore, Vietnam and Abu Dhabi. The Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters office was one of Ar. Winston Chu’s earlier achievements which was completed in the twelvemonth 2009. Located in between the Petaling Jaya residential and concern territory with a entire built-up country of 18,812 metre square, it consists of a warehouse block and an office block. The edifice sits on a level land next to the Naza World Auto Mall and it consists of sustainable characteristics which reflects Amway’s desire for a greener and eco-friendly milieus. Many of his theories were successfully incorporated into this peculiar edifice. This undertaking attempts to convey an apprehension of the architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his edifices. Using architecture as primary text, this undertaking claims that the universe of signifier is non arbitrary but displays an internal logic that has the capacity to convey significance. Analytic illustrations are used to uncover the conceptual and experiential order of the architecture. In order to understand architecture, one must be cognizant of the conditions within which they are employed. 2.0Analyzing Architecture2.1Climate The local clime has ever been the most influential facet in footings of architecture. It is hence apprehensible that constructing typologies found around the universe are ever really diverse from one another. Climate allows the designer to measure the resources of the site even without the existent measurings of the site. In other words, the clime is a big lending factor in modeling the architectural signifier of the edifice. The Sun subdivision allows designers to measure the handiness of the Sun through the Sun Path Diagram. It helps the designer estimation the times of the twenty-four hours and twelvemonth in which the Sun will be available on a peculiar site so that proper consideration of shadowing devices and design options can be exhaustively explored. With careful consideration of the sun’s way, there would be advantages such as inactive warming and natural daylighting. However, it may work against you by bring forthing blaze or overheating if non considered decently. ( Brown, 2011 ) By puting the sun way diagram onto the site program of the Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office, it is shown that the peculiar secret plan of land is in such that the forepart and rear facade of the edifice would finally have the highest sum of exposure to sunlight because it would be confronting west and east severally whereas the North and south facade would have lower sum of sunshine as compared to it. In most fortunes, designers would prefer to orientate the edifice in a manner where the E and west facade would hold a smaller surface country so that it would cut down the sum of solar radiation received, take downing the overall thermal transportation value. Thus, cut downing the energy required for air-conditioning. However, that is largely non the instance because the facade of the edifice has to be in line with its neighboring context, confronting the bing chief route which is besides the merely accessible manner to the edifice itself. Therefore, the Amway ( Malaysi a ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office is orientated in such that the E and West facade has a bigger surface country. Furthermore, all four lifts of the edifice consists of many floor to ceiling Windowss particularly the west lift despite the high sum of solar radiation as it is the front facade of the Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office. This was because of the desire of holding Windowss to let for natural daylighting and ocular connectivity as these sustainable characteristics reflects Amway’s desire for a more eco-friendly edifice. Hence, many gaps are uniformly located on every side of the edifice to guarantee that there would be sufficient natural lighting perforating through the edifice, advancing a inactive design while cut downing the usage of unreal lighting. Despite the hapless determination in the edifice orientation and arrangement of gaps due to the site restrictions, careful considerations were made to get the better of the high sum of solar radiation received. Aluminum louvres were used as a facade intervention, supplying conditions protection and ocular showing, lending to the ocular result of the facade every bit good while maintaining the simpleness design attack of the edifice in head. Large sum of trees and bushs were besides planted to shadow of the sunshine from straight perforating through the window gaps and soften the character of the edifice. It reflects the architect’s love for nature that was developed when he was still a kid. Furthermore, there is the air current subdivision which allows designers to measure the way, velocity and frequence of air current in a peculiar location by month or twelvemonth through the Wind Rose Diagram. It helps the designer locate the place of the gaps so that it benefits from the predominating air currents. By puting the air current rose diagram on the site program of the Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office, it can be seen that the features of the prevailing air currents are rather similar from all waies. Hence, big sums of gaps were located on all four sides of the edifice to obtain the best result. Most of the gaps are operable Windowss that could be controlled by the user so the prevailing air current can be captured and brought into the edifice to advance natural airing, therefore cut downing the usage of unneeded air-conditioning. 2.2Architecture Theory – ModernismModernism in its broadest definition is modern taught, character of pattern. It emerged in the early 20Thursdaycentury but was non popular until after the Second World War. Modernism was a response to the demand for the new and the different. Modern agencies being up to day of the month. What was modern yesterday, is authoritative for today and will be old, so antediluvian for all the tomorrows to come. Fascinated by the approaching engineerings of the production of steel, glass and concrete, people began to abstain from the usage of decorations, rejecting what they saw and hold it as the senseless shots. The plants of modernism were more trim and lyrical. ( Weston, 1996 ) Many facets of the modernist design still prevail in architecture today. As Mies van der Rohe would state, less is more. Through observation and analysis that was carried out, it can be determined that the Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office fits in with the arc hitecture theory of modernism. This is due to the many similarities of the building’s features with the general features of modern architecture. This architecture theory is believe to be incorporated by Ar. Winston Chu due to his love of simpleness, practicality and elegance, which focuses on more geometric and how the experience of infinite is created by natural lighting, airing and the pick of stuffs. First, merely the use of simple and basic geometry can be seen throughout the full Amway ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd. Headquarters Office, whether it is in footings of its lift or floor program. Merely square and rectangle forms can be perceived. Jam Tschichold one time said that the concluding and most pure signifier of a necessary point is ever constructed of geometric forms. Therefore, it visually stressing on the additive 90 grades perpendicular and horizontal lines. The Windowss, columns, beams, roof line are all portion of the structural elements that were used by the designer to help in making the additive divine infinite. Second, the changeless repeat of a simple geometric is repeated to obtain a alone signifier. The Amway Headquarters is a alone component itself which is developed by the transmutation of insistent units through alterations in size, constellation, orientation, coloring material and articulation of a basic geometry – the square. Third, it focuses on the lucidity of signifiers. The edifice is stripped of all the unneeded cosmetic elements in order to showcase the architectural design. Merely the needed characteristics are implemented into the design so that the focal point would be on the infinite be aftering itself alternatively of decorations which have no relevancy with the overall architecture. Fourthly, the programs of the Amway Headquarters Office are unfastened programs. The thought of an unfastened program is created through the flowing of infinites, accomplishing through the separation of columns where the thought of hold ing a room as a manner of forming the infinites is non considered. Fifth, the edifice follows the impression where signifier follows map. The designer expresses this thoughts by holding the site and map of the edifice dictate most of the design determinations. It is said that modernist architecture takes inspiration from the edifice itself, and aims to plan for each alone state of affairs to be inspired by its intent. Following, industrially produced stuffs such as steel, concrete and glass is loosely used throughout the edifice. Last, the designer makes usage of the Windowss extensively to convey in natural daytime, particularly the floor to ceiling Windowss. Therefore, integrating the Windowss as portion of the building’s design. 2.3User / ClientSite Layout The edifice layout of Amway Headquarters is in such that the office block and warehouse block is separated, merely linked by a span on the first floor to supply permeableness. This is the client’s purpose of supplying a clean and unagitated environment for the users and visitants, off from the production noise at the warehouse block. It excessively gives a sense of spacial organisation, districting the private and public infinites with mention to the degree of noise produced. The lading bay is placed behind on the first floor of the warehouse block, accessible through a incline. The client’s purpose was to put the loading country off from where users could hold ocular connexion, as the position isn’t really delighting. The storage, bringing and packing country are all placed on the same floor so the on the job efficiency would be good. Spatial Layout Public installations were all placed on the land floor of the office block. Office and IT sections are placed on the floors above. The client’s purpose was to supply a convenient service for all the users. There is a gallery to showcase Amway’s merchandise and a mini market right next to it that sells their merchandise. Detail of Entrance The entryway of the Amway Headquarters is a dual storey high construction which uses merely basic geometry – the square. The chief entryway is a larger construction while the back entryway is a extra of it in a somewhat smaller graduated table. The client’s purpose was to supply an entryway which gives the users a sense of acquaintance, stripped off all the fanciness to be projected as welcoming, ask foring users to near without vacillation. Landscape as Buffer Zone Plenty of verdures are planted around the edifice to supply noise suspension and effectual ocular barrier between the office block and warehouse block. This is the client’s purpose to continue the ocular and environment character of the office block which would pull and promote users of their merchandise. It besides reflects Amway’s desire for Eco-Friendly milieus. This was because of the client’s desire of holding big sums of trees around the site and windows to let for natural daylighting and ocular connectivity as these sustainable characteristics reflects Amway’s desire for a greener and more eco-friendly milieus. Hence, many gaps are uniformly located on every side of the edifice to guarantee that there would be sufficient natural lighting perforating through the edifice, advancing a inactive design while cut downing the usage of unreal lighting. 3.0Decision– Need to discourse the designer ‘s theory based on your apprehension of ‘SELF ‘ and ‘the 3 FACTORS ‘ . Your account have to capture the first portion of the undertaking and the analysis – take note that this is your ain â€Å" theory † of the designer ‘s architecture. Please make non mention to the designer ‘s statement or declaration of his/her theory. – Conclude by seting in the DIAGRAM ( from undertaking brief ) to sum up your theory on the designer. 4.0MentionsBrown, G. Z. ( 2011 ) .Sun Wind & A ; Light: Architectural Design Strategies( 2neodymiumed. ) . New Jersey: Wiley. Chu, W. ( 2014, April 4 ) . Personal Interview. Chu, W. ( 2014, April 5 ) . Email Interview. Weston, R. ( 1996 ) .Modernism. New York: Phaidon. 5.0Appendix

Plot Summary of Play Boy of the Western World

Play boy Of the Western World Plot summary The play is set in County Mayo in a country shebeen or pub. Pegeen Mike is engaged to Shawn Keogh a rich farmer, but she is not in love with him. Pegeen’s father Michael James owns the pub, and spends his time going to wakes and getting drunk. A young man arrives one evening as Michael James and his two pals Jimmy Farrell and Philly Cullen are about to go off to a wake. This young man calls himself Christy Mahon and claims that he has killed his da.Everyone including Pegeen are fascinated and admire Christy for this heroic deed. The men set off for the wake leaving Pegeen with Christy. The widow Quinn a local woman who is supposed to have murdered her husband arrives and tries to get Christy to stay the night in her hut. Pegeen has taken control of Christy at this stage and refuses to let him go. The following morning some local girls arrive to visit Christy and bring him presents. Christy is a hero in the eyes of the villagers and th ey beg him to participate in their local games.In the meantime Old Mahon who is Christy’s father arrives and meets the widow Quinn. Old Mahon has suffered a blow on his head from being hit by Christy and wishes to punish him. He tells the widow about Christy and describes him as a weak character, ‘a dirty stuttering lout who would get drunk on the smell of a pint. ‘ When Christy meets his father towards the conclusion of the play he gives him another blow on the head and it truly looks as if he is dead.The villagers including Pegeen decide to capture him and bring him to prison. Pegeen disowns him for being a liar. Old Mahon recovers however and he and Christy leave the shebeen mocking the villagers who are unable to accept reality when it lands on their own door. The play concludes with Pegeen lamenting the loss of the ‘only playboy of the western world. ’ She is left with her loveless alliance to Shawn Keogh.

How public and private sectors have impact on each other in tourism industry?

In the field of psychology, there is a new symptom investigated for tourism called â€Å"euphoria† indicating a kind of emotion, that is, the enthusiasm of the destination residents towards the tourists (Xie: 2001). As a matter of fact, nowadays tourism itself has become a kind of popular â€Å"disease† which spreads throughout the whole world just like the Europe Black Death in the Middle Ages. No one can escape from it, neither the poor nor the rich (Ryan: 1991). A cured disease will do good to new disease in the future, nevertheless, the ignorance of it will destroy the entire world. Similarly, tourism, viewed as fastest growing industry, would bring lots of significant economic and social values to the development of every country. Thus, this â€Å"modern disease† should be cautiously treated for sustainability and managed by every country so that maximum benefit can be derived and negative impacts can be minimized towards the â€Å"euphoria† local people, culture and environment from the tourism. It indicates that tourism related organizations including international, national, regional with both inter-governmental and non-governmental interests should pay attention to the development of sustainable tourism which trying to â€Å"coordinate the complex interactions between the tourism industry, visitors, the environment and the host communities.† (Testoni: 2001). Therefore, this essay is designed to firstly discuss the roles all these kinds of organizations played into the sustainable tourism development and their impacts on each other. Moreover, with the roles and impacts of both public- and private-sectors clearly clarified, how these roles and impacts would have power in enhancing the growth of tourism, that is, the well-ordered plan strongly needed for achieving tourism goals has become the key problem of sustainable tourism development. Agreed by Testoni (2001), planning began to be more important in facilitating the development of tourism while minimizing negative impacts and realizing sustainability. Thus, the second aim of this essay tries to set up the argument of the specific content of government intervention into tourism marketing, policy-making and planning. However, these inter-governmental level organizations are criticized as inefficient and bureaucratic in tourism development project. Accordingly, a set of count arguments wou ld be arisen to debate if these responsibilities were better handled by private sector. Roles and Impacts of tourism organizations Today's tourism has expanded to international level that residents begin to travel to and stay in places outside the host country with various kinds of purposes (as cited in WTO: 1991). Therefore, visitor, the key resource in tourism, is categorized as international visitor and domestic visitor. Those who â€Å"travels to a country other than that in which he/she usual residence and that is outside his/her usual environment, for a period not exceeding one year, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited† are defined as international visitor by WTO (1991). Comparatively, domestic visitor is explained as â€Å"any person residing within a country, irrespective of nationality, traveling to a place within this country other than his usual residence for a period of not less than 24 hours or one night for a purpose other than the exercise of a remunerated activity in the place visited† by Mill (1990). On the basis of these kind of classifications, tourism related organizations also should be divided into diverse types according to different bases. They are viewed as international, national, regional, inter- and non-governmental organizations. International Organisations As the international and national dichotomy, international organizations concerned for more than one country as their members according to Collier (2003). World Tourism Organisation, sub-classified as an inter-governmental body on the basis of its membership, is the representative role of international organizations based in Madrid with 138 members states including New Zealand and 350 affiliate members such as Airlines and Tourism Associations known as the Business Council (Brackenbury: 2003). The aim of WTO is the promotion and development of tourism in relationship with other aspects such as economic development, environment and peace as Brackenbury (2003) noted. WTO intends to spread the awareness and knowledge of the best practices in sustainable development in tourism. Therefore, various roles are taken by WTO to influence its members as following: 1. Representor-WTO supports tourism event to present the significance of the activities should be taken by tourism organsations and participated as exhibitor. For example, in February 2002 WTO supported the International Adventure Travel and Outdoor Sports Exhibition held in Chicago. (www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/IYE-Main-Menu.htm). 2. Advocator-WTO advocates lots of concepts and task forces to contribute to the development of tourism. For example, for the year 2002, WTO designated this year as the International Year of Ecotourism, and its Commission on Sustainable Development requested international agencies, governments and the private sector to undertake supportive activities. WTO and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) have joined forces in the preparation and co-ordination of some activities to be undertaken at the international level during the Year. The impact of it is that the members of WTO then would take this direction into their tourism activities and set their tourism goals based on this main objective (Yunis: 2003). 3. Policy Guider-WTO sets different policy for diverse purposes to regularly operate the activities in tourism industry. It then will influence the regulations set by the regional level organizations and activities would be followed by these policies. 4. Disseminator-WTO will send tourism related information to its membership. 5. Supporter-WTO services rendered to national tourism administrations, local authorities and the private sector in the development and promotion of tourism. These services and activities range from â€Å"technical assistance in the form of short and long term projects, organization of seminars and conferences, education and training courses as well as strategy issues at national and regional levels.† (www.world-tourism.org). New Zealand, not only as one of the WTO members but the country in the Asia and Pacific Rim which is one of the six areas divided by WTO, certainly will be influenced by the role acted by the both WTO and The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) which is â€Å"a mixture of both governmental and non-governmental bodies that work together to further tourism industry professionalism in the Asia and Pacific region.† (Collier: 2003). That is because when a task or policy is declared by these international organizations, all tourism related activities and policies set by the governments in the range of national level would correspond with these tasks and policies. Obviously, National Tourism Organisations (NTO) and Regional Tourism Organisations (RTO) would process the tasks so as to cater to the goals and policies established by those international tourism organizations. Regional Tourism Organisations For the geographical scope of their interest in tourism, organizations could be subdivided into National, Regional and Local organizations. Regional Tourism Organisations on the national level are those with a general interest in tourism but only within a certain region of the country (Collier: 2003). As Collier (2003) explained that the role the RTO undertook was the mirror of the extent of government intervention in tourism, because RTOs always plays their roles in terms of government departments and government agencies. These roles are performed to be planning which involves â€Å"planning for the development and promotion of the country's tourism industry† (Collier: 2003), organizing to ensure the development process is in progress, development which involves some investment, financial, information items, promotion for the tourism events and control of ensuring the plans are â€Å"implemented s intended and achieve stated objectives† (Collier: 2003). For instance, the role of New Zealand Regional Tourism Organisations are taken as 1. The New Zealand Tourism Board. It makes plans to set out its aims, activities, ways to achieve these aims, the resources and materials used and tools to measure the effectiveness and efficiency. 2. The Ministry of Tourism. It tries to give some suggestions and strategies to the local government of New Zealand so as to ensure the government would deal with tourism matters properly. 3. Other government departments and agencies such as Ministry for the Environment and New Zealand Customs Service. (Collier: 2003). As the clear relationship and impacts between government activities and the roles of RTO, it seems that how the role acted by RTO is intensively linked with how the local governments produce and implement the plans including marketing, planning process and policy-making for tourism development respecting to the policy and events claimed by International Tourism Orgnisations (WTO and PATA) and National Tourism Organisations so that the benefit of tourism would be achieved and the negative results would be minimized. Plans for Sustainable Tourism In order to keep the pace with the direction of international tourism organization, all sectors must pay attention to the plan for sustainable tourism because what World Tourism Organisation said was that during and after implementation, tourism development must be planned and monitored to ensure that it was accomplishing the objectives and achieving the recommended policies according to Pearce (2000). Additionally, â€Å"Planning can articulate future visions and assess individual projects with approval given to those proposals consistent with policies and plans† Testoni (2001) said. Without plans or planning systems, the development of tourism is promiscuous and without sufficient consideration given to its interaction with other sectors and its possible impacts (Testoni: 2001). The impacts of unplanned tourism development will potentially result in three main consequences according to Mill (1990): 1. Physical Impacts. It will damage the physical environment and cultural landmarks and resources. Besides, it will cause overcrowding, traffic problems, congestion and pollution. 2. Human Impacts. The accessibility of tourism industry will be poor, for example, the parking places are limited. It will lead to the lack of education of tourism employees in skills. That is, no professional teacher and courses are planned to help these employees to gain knowledge of tourism. 3. Organisational Impacts. The strategy of the marketing goals is unclear so that the target market and market segment are processed ineffectively. Failure to act upon important issues, problems, and opportunities of common interest to the community. Therefore, the plan for tourism tasks should be implemented carefully and well organised by both public and private sectors. Firstly, let's take a look at the details and depth of the content of government functions and activities into tourism plan. Government Intervention in tourism developmental plans Collier (2003) elucidated that local government was the major player within the tourism industry and took the responsibilities to provide different kinds of services and facilities required by tourists. Moreover, Testoni (2001) set his viewpoint similarly that the main way of the government influences on tourism plan is â€Å"determining development applications consistent with zoned uses, which could also include environmental impact assessment and performance-based assessment, which considers the suitability of particular proposed developments in the area.† In detail, these activities of plans including: 1. Formulating policy. What Testoni (2001) said was that local government implement measures and decisions as well as providing national policy guidance. The specific event taken by the governments is they provide a baseline of data as a means by which they can test â€Å"whether local implementation of their policies and initiatives is possible and permit a basis for allowing new activities in an area† (Testoni: 2001). 2. Investment in tourism facilities. Local governments would state their plans of constructing major amenities thanks to the importance of high quality of amenities. As Collier explained that the relative quality and availability of amenities including infrastructure and superstructure might be the cause of the choice of destination of tourists. Government usually investing in the establishment of infrastructure, comprised of roads, electricity and water supplies, sewerage and waste disposal, communication facilities, airports and harbours, transportation networks, healthy care facilities and security systems (Mill: 1990), because the â€Å"development of infrastructure should precede the development of superstructure† (Collier: 2003). Besides, they try to strength the quality of tourism facilities so as to meet the needs of tourists. 3. Environmental management. Governments adopt a lots of measures to protect the local environment and prevent the pollution. 4. Promotion of the country or a certain region as a tourist destination and research. Advertisements, marketing methods such as marketing segment that is divide tourist into different areas of target markets, pricing tools, holding activities and events as attractions are various promotional tools used by government to develop a certain destination to attract consumers. For example, government would support an event of attraction as entertainment such as American Cup in New Zealand. 5. Training and educating the tourism employees. With the understanding of the significance of plans for tourism development and the degree of government intervention into the plans, the case of how New Zealand government reacts to the guidance of International Tourism Organisation would be specifically lucubrated. First of all, a main strategy that could maximize the benefit of tourism and minimize the negative impact would be decided. Tourism has been viewed as the main economic source of the GDP of a country. As Simpson (2002) noted, New Zealand has recently produced its 10-year tourism strategy to accentuate a positivist attitude towards further tourism development, which particularly takes the â€Å"economic† approach to treat tourism as an economically based and industry-oriented concept. More important, this approach is the reflection of the reaction to the Ecotourism concept suggested by WTO, because the Ecotourism is trying to â€Å"support the protection of natural areas by generating economic benefits for host communities, organisations and authorities managing natural areas with conservation purposes.† Secondly, specific steps and approaches would be considered and taken into action due to the requirement of the dominant service provision responsibilities of governments to combine planning and regulatory roles (Simpson: 2002). New Zealand governments are clearly conscious of the significant economic force of international tourism in external trade and view it as the export industry. Consequently, the governments begin to put emphasis on the financial and job creation benefits within this level of tourism development according to Simpson (2002). Besides, a special political power called â€Å"three-tier system of national, regional, and local government† is arranged to ensure that â€Å"New Zealand is developed and marketed as a competitive tourism destination to maximize the long-term benefits to New Zealand.† In addition, the appropriate responsibility allocations are made by the governments in order to make proper agencies in charge of their allocated tasks efficiently and effectively (Simpson: 2002). Thirdly, some tools are used to promote and carry out the activities by governments. In addition to the directly investment in infrastructure constructions such as road rehabilitation and control the pollution, New Zealand governments permit a regional council to promote the welfare of the host community according to Simpson (2002). Fourthly, specific policies are made to protect the local environment and culture. Because the development would increase the negative impacts on the local communities, for example, the increasing pollution and crime. However, the weaknesses of the government involvement in tourism development are also exposed. On one hand, government intervention may only particularly suit to only large projects, and is often reactive which means governments lack the experience and professional knowledge of dealing with some small but important aspects of the plans. This can be explained by the case of Canada tourism development. As Thibault & Frisby (1999) noted, in Canada tourism industries, more problem are arisen such as economic restraints, increasing demands for accountability and pressure for public involvement in the decision making process. Therefore, in order to meet these requirements, government officials have to develop new skills to contribute themselves effectively into tourism development plans. However, employees in government always contain different educational backgrounds, professional languages and values, which covered a wide range of subjects. That is, they cannot deal with specific tourism areas efficiently and effectively thanks to their lack of specific knowledge even low level of education of a certain area such as airline or accommodation sectors. What's more, a survey of Italy and Spain tourism industry pointed out the key problem that the lack of educational qualifications among the staff in public sector according to Marino (2001). Education level of Italian and Spanish public sector managers in Tourism Italian public managers Spanish public managers University 12% University 16% Secondary high school 28% Secondary high school 33% Junior high school 26% Junior high school 21% No education level 34% No education level 30% Total 100% (77% male) Total 100% (80% male) Clearly, the data in this table displays that the public managers in Italian and Spanish government involved in tourism contain a low level of education background. Both Italian and Spanish public managers gain the least proportion of those who have the university education level. Meanwhile, there are a lot of public managers has low even no education level in Italian and Spanish public sectors. With the agreement of what Guest & Taylor (1999) said, leisure managers in local governments only took account of what is going on inside the organization, not outside. These entire viewpoints show the weakness of the operation in government planning process with the lack in human resource. On another hand, governments have no clear directions when they do the marketing for the tourism development plan. There exists a lot of problems. Local governments provide tourism related products and services might not actually meet the needs of consumers because they may not think what the tourists really want. It seems that the market planning of governments is not consumer-driven. Just as Guest & Taylor (1999) noted, local authorities appeared to know less about their customers, outside voting habits. Additionally, â€Å"poor marketing and understanding, no systematic attempts to identification of local needs turns to be the key problem of governments' plans† (Guest & Taylor: 1999). In short, governments can not make their efforts into every industries of tourism development because according to the definition of one-industry concept that tourism industry is â€Å"made up of various sectors or sub-industries such as accommodation, transportation, sales and leisure and the tourism products in nature and the experience perceived by tourists.† (Collier: 2003). It means that tourists will treat all these sectors and sub-industries as a whole industry although various tourism products and services are only portions of the total product. Upon that, every sector should make their roles in the tourism development properly and effectively. Since the shortcomings of government involvement in some aspects of tourism development and plans, those responsibilities may better be handled by private sectors. Secondly, let's see the roles of private sector organizations and their activities into tourism development. Private Sector Intervention in tourism developmental plans According to Collier (2003), private sector involvement in tourism development is mainly in the form of business organizations â€Å"aligned with a particular sector of the tourism industry†. As the Linking Concept pointed out organizations can be categorized as direct providers (i.e. transport operators, accommodation providers, attraction and activity operators, sales agents and ancillary service), support services (i.e. petroleum distribution companies, construction firms and etc.) or developmental organizations (i.e. finance institution and industry training organizations). (Collier: 2003). For the example of New Zealand private sector organizations, the support services organization is like Travel Agents Association of New Zealand and developmental organization is for instance, Hospitality Standards Institute which involves in chef training, housekeeping, portering skills and etc. (Collier: 2003). With these kinds of roles played by private sectors, it is obviously some responsibility would be taken by private sectors superiorly and strongly. Because, Firstly, compared with the lack of professional knowledge and skills of governmental level employees, private sectors would train and educate tourism employees more effectively and efficiently because every specific area of sub-industry will manipulate the training and education system to access to the employees and has expertise in a certain field of subject. For instance, as Roehl & Swerdlow (2001) elucidated, in western united states, accommodation industry in tourism carry out the vertical and horizontal job segregation approach to train employees for the gender problem. Analogously, as a private sector in tourism industry, New Zealand Industry Training Organisations specifically provide training and developing the skills and knowledge of tourism employees to ensure their qualifications. Secondly, private sectors have more experience in managing the marketing problems. They tend to know what consumers expected and need due to their well-arranged marketing tools and approaches. For example, individual sector, accommodation organizations could do the surveys to get the exact information about the requirements of their target market. In addition, private sectors would provide the personal products and services and do promotion events to cater the different kinds of tourists by market segmentation. They would construct the superstructures on the basis of the taste of the target consumers. Thirdly, in allusion to the neglect to details in tourism plans of governments, private sectors could concentrate themselves in doing the small projects obey the direction of international tourism organizations so that the objectives can be accomplished effectively and efficiently. According to Font (2002), the case of â€Å"Green Global†, the event of environmental certification of tourism and hospitality operations, is developed by the idea of â€Å"Ecotourism† of WTO. On the level of private sector, Tourism Industry Association of New Zealand singles out environmental management systems to protect the environment of the host country led by the Asia-Pacific tourism organizations. Above all, at realising the increasing need to focus on tourism, Jagmohan (2003) union minister for tourism, mentioned, it is imperative that not only the states but also the industry plays an active role to boost tourism. â€Å"Therefore, it is necessary as I have stated earlier, that the private sector has a key role to play in the growth of tourism both domestic and international,† asserted Jagmohan (2003). For the Canada case, Thibault & Frisby (1999) said that Canada local government need to rationalize government services under the consideration of privatization and decentralization so as to meet the increasing problems and challenges. It is because many research results revealed that local governments are becoming more and more relying on partnerships to acquire important resources, information and knowledge into tourism development Thibault & Frisby (1999). Similarly, the policy of Italy and Spain tourism development is trying to reduce government involvement in the public tourist sector (Marino: 2001). Conclusion As a matter of fact, in spite of the advantages existing in private sectors processing the tourism development plans, private sector also has problems in doing tourism plans. Thus, it seems that it may be better for the combination of contributions of both public and private sector in the sustainable tourism development. It is evident that the task to make more profit from the tourism and prevent the rot of the aspects created by the tourism development should be paid attention to not only by international and national level organizations but many private ownership organizations.

How Does Effective Questioning Contribute to Pupils Learning. Give Essay

How Does Effective Questioning Contribute to Pupils Learning. Give Classroom (Primary) examples to support your answers - Essay Example This approach keeps the pupils’ minds open to everything and makes them think and evaluate the knowledge on a wide canvas. Thus, according to Bloom, evaluation or questioning is one of the important aspects of learning as it puts them to working. It is important for the teachers to inquire if the pupils are following their instructions and understanding the subject being taught (Kyriacou, pp.43, 1997). For that matter, assessment through questions plays a major role in knowing the progress of pupils. It is essential to note that questions also have divisions; certain questions are only for the sake of assessing the pupils’ memory, however, questions that require them to ‘think’ and not just to ‘recall’ are the critical ones to incorporate in a teaching process. Moreover, questioning leads to discovery learning or purposeful learning rather than a one-way communication pattern that involves teachers telling the pupils everything and making them rote learners. This is more like thrusting the knowledge in pupil’s mind, nevertheless, it is important to realize that forcefully put knowledge never tends to retain for a longer period and thus, proves to be useless in the end as compared to a comprehension that comes after self-analysis and cognition. As a matter of fact, in contributing towards pupils’ learning through, it is essential that the proportion of teachers’ talk must be higher than any other aspects (Pollard & Collins, pp.297, 2005). If a teacher talks much, pupils would automatically feel responsible in contributing to the whole process to have their share and would know that even if they miss out any important point in the response, their teachers would correct or complete them. Lower grades pupils are quite very much like this; they look forward to the co-operation of their teachers in every regards. It is often suggested that one of the effective ways to make pupils studying

Study case L Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study case L - Essay Example So, basically these are the major stakeholders directly involved in the case. In the event that the prisoner opens a door with a lady behind, then she automatically becomes part of the ongoing case therefore she would also be a stakeholder in the case outlined above. The gardener and his family are likely to be affected as well as they would be strongly attached to the accused who is son and brother to them. The ordinary people who live in the kingdom are also stakeholders as they would also likely to be affected by the same laws that would have been applied on the gardener’s son. These are members of the same community hence they are part and parcel of the kingdom. 2. The pillars of caring and fairness would best support the Princess Royal’s decision to have the gardener’s son select the door that holds the lady. Caring is basically the heart of ethics and it is concerned with the welfare of others. Therefore, a person who really cares feels the emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others. In this particular case, the gardener’s son and the Royal Princess were in love which entails deep affection of each other from deep down their hearts. However, the judgement that would be passed on the gardener’s son would cut the relationship between the two in either way. In any case, whether he selects the door that holds a tiger or the lady, that would be the end of their affair. The other door would lead to death and the other would lead to a happy marriage with an equally very beautiful lady. If the Royal Princess’s selection would lead to the lady, then it would show that she greatly cares about his w elfare though the gardener’s son would be marrying another different person. It would show that she is concerned about his welfare. On the other hand the pillar of fairness entails the issues of impartiality, equality as well as openness. Whilst it was not appropriate for the gardener’s son to fall in love with the

Which of the current management challenges,globalization,managing Assignment

Which of the current management challenges,globalization,managing adiverse workforse, technological innovation and ethics are likely to have the greast impact on Googles future operation - Assignment Example For instance, managing a diverse workforce and adhering to ethical and moral codes of conduct would continue to impact the organization’s future operations; therefore, management must be adept in apprising themselves of current and future trends affecting these areas. However, there are more relevant issues affecting technological applications where Google could be affected; such as security issues, breaching privacy and confidentiality concerns and protection of personal and organizational domain from hackers, cyber terrorism, and other forms of intrusion. As such, Google’s future operation would depend on how their organization could significantly assist in the improvement and solution of cybercrime, for instance, or other concerns affecting future technological applications. By reinventing themselves and by assuming a proactive stance in scanning the external global environment for opportunities and addressing eminent threats, Google should be able to sustain market dominance and leadership in

Defining Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining Marketing Paper - Essay Example However, with the little background that I gained, I have learned that marketing encompasses a wide array of activities aside from selling products and services. In fact, marketing is a lot more complicated than it seems. It starts at determining the needs of customers and creating a product together with the proper strategies to bring it to them. Now, my definition of marketing is the satisfaction of customer needs through the provision of products and services at a profit. The definition of marketing varies from organization to organization. The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM 2007) defined marketing as the â€Å"management process responsible for identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer requirements profitably.† This is a very broad definition of marketing. It highlights three important aspects that marketing accomplishes. First, it recognizes the purpose of business organizations to design products which satisfy customer requirements. Marketing does not just involve offering any goods and services but business organizations should strive to offer those which offer customer value. Second, it stresses the aim of business organizations to generate profit from its operations. Thus, the definition of CIM involves assessing the marketing strategy which will be mutually beneficial for customers and companies. Business organizations as this definition implies are profit maximizing entities. Lastly, this definition highlight that marke ting is not just about providing the current needs by â€Å"anticipating† the future requirements of the markets. In summary, the CIM’s definition of marketing balances the satisfaction of customer and profit maximizing goal of business organizations. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA 2007), â€Å"marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scenario - Essay Example Nowadays, the sight of different non-governmental organizations actively participating in the community is a normal scenario. They become active members of the community as a means of generating change. The government, on the other hand, has its own plans on eliminating the different quandaries faced by the community. This is a way of fostering social responsibility. However, with the rise of individualism, man, who is a social being, diverts from the calling of his fellowmen. Thus, social responsibility is now in question. The clich statement, "no man is an island", greatly describes the need of man for others. Man is significantly affected by others' thoughts, feelings and behaviors whether or not others are present. It simply indicates that man is prone to social influence and can be manipulated by social situations. Therefore, man cannot separate himself from others since every thought, feeling, and action elicited by others, has a large impact on his very existence. The community is dealing with different predicaments, from poverty, political issues, diminishing values etc. The government acts as its chief protector against these problems. Poverty, which is said to be mostly the root cause of other problems, is dealt by the government by aiding the poor children in public schools with free breakfast.

Cultural pluralism (Project 1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural pluralism (Project 1) - Essay Example However, I cannot deny the fact that life has been challenging especially with the issue of my parents securing good jobs. My dad is an entrepreneur and my mom is a house wife. According to my parents, my father migrated from China in 1984 in search of greener pastures. The situation back in China was difficult since it was not easy to secure a job and quality education. A certain individual decided to give him a scholarship to come and study here at America. That is where his life began. While in the university, he met my mother and got married in 1988. According to my father, although he completed his bachelor’s degree, it has been difficult for him to get a good job. His decision not to return back to China was because he was positive that he would at one time get a good job here in the US. However, the only good job he got was a secretary in a certain organization which was not well paying. In fact, he was fired when he was found speaking to his colleague in his mother tongue. That is when he decided to do some businesses. Although his business has not grown as he expected, he is happy with it because it takes care of our needs including our education. In addition to that, my father has been facing a challenge of expanding his business because of discrimination from other races. For example, most of our customers are Asian Americans. Most whites buy from other white businesses. Only a few of them buy from my father’s shop. Besides, his supplies have also been discriminatory in terms of dictating the amount of stock he can buy and at a higher price that the whites.† â€Å"Well, in my neighborhood, most people are Asian Americans with few whites. During my childhood, we used to play with my fellow Asian children, but with few white children. In most cases, as you know, children are very innocent, we would play with white children till sunset and their parents would pick them and forbid them from playing with us. I remember an incident when my

Journey Entry 1 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey Entry 1 - Personal Statement Example Making fundamental attribution errors is very easy to do. All it requires is the belief that everyone is basically just like you. If you view others only through the lens of your own understanding and experiences, you will start to attribute motives to their actions that are similar to the motives that would cause you to behave in that specific way. It is especially easy to judge another person when you feel that they are basically like you and then they react in a situation that is different than the way you feel you would have reacted if placed in the same situation. In your mind, what they did was wrong. Exercising this sort of judgment opens yourself up to making fundamental attribution errors because you are not taking the broader view of the context of the person’s actions. In my life, I know that I have made this mistake when judging other people. I have been on the receiving end of other’s fundamental attribution errors as well. One of these happened fairly rece ntly. Being on active duty in the Air Force is an exciting career. I am lucky enough to currently be stationed in Japan. Seeing the world is something I have always dreamed of and now I’m getting a chance to do it. I did not think this possible at one time because I am a single parent.

Music's importance in Japanese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music's importance in Japanese History - Essay Example Music has a great significance in the Japanese history because has helped keep the historic moments about the state of Japan. The message in these songs is all about Japan and is considered to be informative and preservative as while. This is through various songs that are considered more important for their contents. These songs talk about how Japan came up, and they create attention of many when sang. The prehistoric songs impacted positively in the history of Japan because they are the first chronicles of the new state. These songs also became the tradition of imperial counts.Many musical and poetic verses and images have influenced the development of modern music and have been incorporated in the present music styles; this gives a reflection of the history of Japan. The musical and poetic verses and images keep the past about the state in details and recurrences in their use helps in transferring of the historic moments of the country from one generation to another. This helps in historical socialization of individuals who are born in Japan.Music helps express the past activities of the state of Japan. It was central in the prose work in the ancient Japan. This was through the dances that rose by the influence of music tones and rhythm. The dances of Gagaku, flute, koto and biwa lute run through the background of the classical novel which gave the story of Genji Monogatari which was based on a great lover in the imperial. This shows that music led to those dances that passed information in a different context.

Proprietary vs Contract Security Essay Example for Free

Proprietary vs Contract Security Essay Security Many types of security are in existents today, site or mobile patrol; loss prevention functions; special events security; in-house security functions and private investigations are some of the tasks. Choosing the right one for the needs of any establishment should be one of the ultimate goals of the business. This paper will focus on proprietary and contract security in particular. A comparison of the two types of security will be addressed. Identifying some of the issues in either type of security is of great importance as well as understanding the various roles of security personnel. After briefly recognizing some of the advantages and disadvantages of proprietary versus contract security, a recommendation will be rendered on which type should be utilized for the international automobile manufacturer that I have been assigned as the security manager. Comparison Proprietary security is controlled entirely by a particular company and is responsible for the hiring, firing and management of personnel. Contract security is operated by a professional security company and contracts its services to different companies. The status of proprietary security is considered higher than contract security, attracting a higher quality of security personnel and a greater expense in wages. The cost for contract security is becoming more prevalent because of the increased price tag or liability for companies. Although this is not true for all companies; many directors of security fear that switching to a contract provider will mean they are of decreased value to their company (Allied Barton, 2009). In contrast, security directors that outsource their security program often find they no longer spend long day to day hours managing security officers. Instead, they are able to offer their skills in more prominent and visible areas of security and consulting and analysis (Allied Barton, 2009). Both types of security may include the same services with benefits; yet, there are some advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and Disadvantages Proprietary security is still viewed as having many advantages than contract security. The consistency, best training for security personnel and specific needs offer the balance to identify different types of behaviors toward employees. Contract security was seen in the past as inadequate, untrained and not loyal; today, there has been an increase in use of contract security vendors. The performance levels of private security vendors, high level of educated and experienced security professionals have caused the cost factor to be a secondary consideration. While there are many other reasons for advantages and disadvantages in these two types of security, addressing the issues in choosing which is best for any particular business should be weighed. Conclusion There are many costs and benefits to be considered when choosing a proprietary or contract security. When deciding on the type of security, be sure to weigh the positives and negatives of the different types and which can be more beneficial to the business. Each business will have its own personnel and facility knowledge. Proprietary security is more costly when replacing individuals. Contract security makes it easier to lower the internal pressures and provide services such as recruiting, training, supervision, security factors, uniforms, and the costs is lower than proprietary security. My recommendation as the security manager for the international automobile manufacturer is to utilize the contract security. Many types of security are in existents today; choosing the right one for the needs of any establishment should be one of the ultimate goals of the business. The objective to focus on proprietary and contract security has been addressed and compared. This paper has identified some of the issues in one or the other type of security and elaborated on the significant importance as well as understanding the various roles of security personnel. After briefly recognizing some of the advantages and disadvantages of proprietary versus contract security, a recommendation has been rendered to utilize contract security for the international automobile manufacturer that I have been assigned as the security manager.

Economic Growth Determinants And Models | Literature Review

Economic Growth Determinants And Models | Literature Review Introduction Economic growth is one of the most important fields in economics. Since sustained economic growth is the most important determinant of living standards, there is no more important issue challenging the research efforts of economists than to understand the causes of economic growth. Human capital has been identified as a key stimulus of economic growth. In fact, it can never be overemphasized that human capital is the engine of growth of an economy. No nation can develop beyond its investment in education in particular. Growth economists in affirmation have explained that the differences in the per capita income of countries cannot be explained in isolation from the differences in human capital development. Health and education are both components of human capital and contributors of human welfare. Numerous economists research their relevance in the economic growth and tried to incorporate human capital in the growth model. While some researchers take a Keynesian route and stress on the demand factors, other researchers follow the neoclassical route and emphasis the role of factor supplies in growth. Human Capital in the form of education It is equally important to effectively and efficiently measure the human capital with the perceiving importance of human capital. Since, human capital is considered as a synonym of knowledge embedded in all levels such as an individual, an organizations and a nation, education is the primary element in the measurement of human capital. Some economists attempted to measure the stock of human capital utilizing â€Å"school enrollment rates† as a proxy of human capital. Through the study of 129 countries for a time period 1960 to 1985, Barro and Lee, 1993 concluded that female education stimulates the acquisition of human capital through children. A fact is in accordance with the findings of De Tray, 1773 and Becker and Lewis, 1973. Barro and Lee reconcile their findings with the conclusion of De Long and Summers (1992) with the belief that â€Å"perhaps the true key is to have educated women working with machines†. (Barro and Lee, 1991, p29). However, the study of Kyriacou in 1991 concluded a negative and insignificant correlation between years of schooling in labour force and future growth. One of the possible explanations for this result is the link between human capital and subsequent growth of technology was ignored. The method of using school enrollment rates is criticized as student’s effec tiveness can be recognized after participating in production activities. Nehru, Swanson, and Dubey (1993) attempted to measure relationship between human capital and studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ â€Å"accumulated years of schooling† in the employable age as educational attainment. Their approach to measure human capital is similar to that of Lau, Jairison, and Louat( 1991), Psacharopolous and Arriagada (1986,1992). The results show a positive relationship between education stock and its influence on income per capita. They also concluded that there is a high correlation between education stock and other human capital indicators and hence justify the usage of this variable as a proxy for human capital. Nevertheless, they note that there is a problem with the estimates of education stock due to repeaters and dropout rates. The weakness in the study pertains to education stock estimation as they are â€Å"based on sparse data of uneven quality†( Nehru, Swanson, and Dubey,1993, p8). Romer (1990) suggested the ratio between skilled-adults and total ad ults to measure the stock of human capital in the national economy. Another approach to measure human capital is through the returns which an individual obtains from a labour market throughout education investment. Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1995) defines that aggregate human capital is the sum of quality adjustment of each individual’s labor force, and presents the stock of human capital utilizing an individual’s income. Their belief was that the â€Å"quality of a person would be related to the wage rate he receives in the marketplace†( Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin, 1995, p.2). This measure called the Labour –Income –Based is a measurement of human capital calculated through wage rate. Though this study, it was noted that the usage of average years of schooling as a measurement could be misleading since economists could interpret the increase in income in 1980s independent of human capital accumulation due to the dispersion of average years of schooling. Human capital in the form of Health A large body of literature has established that investment in education pay off in the form of higher future earnings. However, the demerit of the conventional measurement of the human capital is the disregard to qualitative benefits of human capital such as health, fertility rate, child mortality. Given the importance of â€Å"health capital† for education and earnings (Grossman, 2000; Case, Fertig, and Paxson, 2005; Currie and Madrian, 1999; Smith, 1999), it is possible that poor health has an impact on education and hence on economic status. Many health shocks can affect human capital and productivity, both in the short-run (Strauss and Thomas, 1998; Currie and Stabile, 2006) and the long-run (Cunha and Heckman, 2007; Currie and Hyson, 1999)( Joshua Graff Zivin and Matthew Neidell, 2013). The World Health Organization’s Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2001) claims the following. â€Å"Improving the health and longevity of the poor is an end in itself, a fun damental goal of economic development. But it is also a means to achieving the other development goals relating to poverty reduction. The linkages of health to poverty reduction and long-term economic growth are powerful, much stronger than is generally understood.† Despite the importance of health capital, the empirical literature of the effects of health on economic growth is relatively thin. Recent experimental or quasi-experimental studies, such as Thomas and Frankeberg (2002) and Thomas et al. (2003) have found that specific health sector interventions help recipients raise earnings significantly, and general indicators of health and nutrition status are significant predictors of economic success. At macroeconomic level, several researches support the positive contribution of health on economic growth. Barro (1996b), Bloom and Canning (2003), Bloom, Canning, and Sevilla (2004) and Gyimah-Brempong and Wilson (2004) find that health capital indicators have desirable influence on aggregate output. For the countries in their sample, about one-fourth of economic growth was attributable to improvements in health capital, and improvements in health conditions equivalent to one more year of life expectancy are associated with higher growth of up to 4 percentage points per year. The following table summarises the finding of macroeconomic studies with health. Source: J. Hartwig / Journal of Macroeconomics 32 (2010) 314–325 According to Weil (2007, p. 1295 and 2005, pp. 153–161), health’s positive effect on GDP is strongest among poor countries. The existing evidence on whether health capital formation has an impact on economic growth gives a mixed response. Some papers such as Heshmati (2001), Rivera and Currais (1999a, 1999b, 2003, 2004) accept the significance of health capital formation for economic growth in OECD countries. However, Knowles and Owen (1995, 1997) as well as McDonald and Roberts (2002) reject the hypothesis that life expectancy is a statistically significant explanatory variable for productivity growth in high income countries. IN fact, Bhargava et al. (2001) and Acemoglu and Johnson (2007) estimated a negative effect of adult survival rate on economic growth for US, France and Switzerland. Some studies have associated fertility rate and child mortality with human capital. The best known study between population growth and development is Kuznets (1967). His study found a positive correlation between growth rates of population and income per capita within broad country groupings, which he interpreted as evidence of a lack of a negative causal effect of population growth on income growth. However, Kelley (1988) found no correlation between population growth and growth of income per capita, and similarly no relationship between population growth and saving rates. Summarizing many other studies, he concluded that the evidence documenting a negative effect of population growth on economic development was weak or nonexistent. Becker et al. (1990) associated endogenous fertility and a rising rate of return on human capital as the stock of human capital increases. Their analysis discusses the importance of investment of human capital and the impact of family sizes and birth rates. They concluded that â€Å"societies with limited human capital choose large families and invest little in each member; those with abundant human capital do the opposite † ( Becker et al., 1990, p.35). Weil et al.(2012) found that a reduction in fertility rate will increase GDP per capita income by an economically significant amount. This result is similar to the findings of Bloom and Canning (2008) who have regressed the growth rate of income per capita on the growth rate of the working-age fraction of the population, and have gotten a positive and significant coefficient. The high growth of working age fraction is the result of fertility reductions; it can be seen as showing the economic benefits of reduced fertility. Growth Models Being one of the most important determinants of living standards, economic growth is among the most important issue challenging the research efforts of economists. Many adopted the neoclassical growth approach to study economic growth. The neoclassical growth model emphasizes the role of factor supplies in growth as it seeks to undermine the long-run economic growth rate determinant through the accumulation of factor inputs such as physical capital and labour. Over time, human capital was introduced in the growth model. The concept of capital in the neoclassical model has been broadened from physical goods to include human capital in the form of education, training and experience. In the early 1960s, Schultz initiated the human capital revolution in economic thought. He claimed that â€Å"This knowledge and skill are in great part the product of investment and, combined with other human investment, predominantly account for the productive superiority of the technically advanced countries. To omit them in studying economic growth is like trying to explain Soviet ideology without Marx.†(Schultz, 1961, p.3). Exogenous growth model In general, there are two basic frameworks that seek to understand the relationship between human capital and economic growth. The first approach is through the exogenous growth model adopted by Nelson and Phelps (1966). The exogenous growth model has its origin form the Solow growth model. The crux of this model is the aggregate production function written in the general form: Y = F (A, K, L), Where output is explained as being a function of technology, A in addition to capital (K) and labour (L). In 1957, after a study of 40 years of growth, Robert Solow concluded that â€Å"it is possible to argue that about one-eighth of the total increase is traceable to increased capital per man hour, and the remaining seven-eighths to technical change† (Solow 1957, p316). The Solow growth model assumes a constant growth rate of productivity, g Y = A0 egt KÃŽ ± L1-ÃŽ ±. This implies that the growth in income in income is determined by productivity growth, g and growth of capital per worker. However, Solow left technological progress unspecified. Moreover, the model assumption of market competitiveness, constant returns to scale lead to further study of the model. In his seminal paper, Nelson and Phelps (1966) related how level of human capital stock is an indirect determinant of economic growth. They concluded that â€Å"the usual, straightforward insertion of some index of educational attainment in the production function may constitute a gross misspecification of the relation between education and the dynamics of production.† (Nelson and Phelps, 1966, p.75) They believe that stock of human capital determines the economic capacity of a nation to innovate, which in turn lead to economic growth. Education and training facilitate the implementation and usage of new techniques makes an economy technologically progressive and more productive. Henceforth, incentives to innovate and market structures necessary for research and development have become important in theories for growth. The Schumpeterian growth literature revived this doctrine. The Schumpeterian theory explains that â€Å"current innovators exert positive knowledge spillovers on subsequent innovators as in other innovation-based models, but where current innovators also drive out previous technologies-, generates predictions and explains facts about the growth process that could not be accounted for by other theories.†(Aghion et al, 2013, p.35) The empirical literature on technical diffusion has been growing. The role of human capital in facilitating technological is supported by Welch (1975), Bartel and Lichtenberg (1987) and Foster and Rosenzweig (1995). The significant spill-overs are documented by the survey of Griliches (1992). Benhabib and Spiegel (1994), using cross-country data, investigate the Nelson-Phelps hypothesis and conclude that technology spillovers flow from leaders to followers, and that the rate of the flow depends on levels of education. As a matter of fact, a great deal of study seeks to analyse the relationship between level of education and technological diffusion and this affects economic growth. Some examples will be Islam (1995), Temple (1999), Krueger and Lindahl (2001), Pritchett, Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare (1997), Hall and Jones (1999), Bils and Klenow (2000), Duffy and Papageorgiou (2000), and Hanushek and Kimko (2000). (Jess Benhabib and Mark M. Spiegel, 2002) Endogenous growth model The second approach is the endogenous growth model inspired by Gary Becker’s human capital theory (1964) which directly links human capital to economic growth. The basic idea behind Becker’s view is that growth is driven by human capital accumulation. Nobel laureate Robert Lucas presented an endogenous growth model in which the engine of growth is the human capital. He added â€Å"what Schultz (1963) and Becker (1964) call human capital to the model, doing so in a way that is very close technically lo similarly motivated models of Arrow (1962), Uzawa (1965)and Romer (1986)† ( Lucas, 1988. p.17). He assumed that individuals choose to allocate time to current production or schooling based on increases in productivity and wages in the future due to the current investment of time in education. Lucas model can be summarized in Y = Kß(UH)1-ß, Where H represents the current human capital stock of the individual and U is the fraction of time allocated to current production and K is the per capita stock of physical capital. Human capital growth model Over time, with numerous studies on human capital, different variables were included in the growth equation as a measurement of human capital. Drawing upon Mankiw et al. (1992), Barro (1996a, 1996b), Bassanini and Scarpetta (2001), Bloom et al. (2004) and Gyimah-Brempong and Wilson (2004), the following growth equation was modelled in the Baldacci, Clements, Gupta and Cui (2008) paper on Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries. The growth equation is based on the framework of neoclassical growth augmented by the inclusion of education capital, ed, health capital, he, investment ratio, sk and denotes the set of macro and institutional control variable such as the fiscal balance, inflation rate, trade openness, and governance that augment the baseline specification of the model. Moreover, it is assumed that there is a relationship between the initial stock and increment in human capital with per capita GDP growth, g. The baseline growth model was as follows: Where git is real capita per income growth, 1i and 1t denote the country-specific effect and period-specific effect, respectively, Ln (yit-1) is the lagged logarithm of per capita income to control for the expected reduction in growth rates as per capita incomes rise and there is convergence to steady growth rates; Skit denotes the investment ratio, Edit refers to the stock of education capital, which is proxy by the sum of the gross primary and secondary enrollment rate, Ed refers to changes in education capital, Heit refers to the stock of health capital, and he refers to changes in health capital, mit consists of control variables and uit is the error term.   Ã‚   Japanese in Brazil: Asian-zing Brazil Japanese in Brazil: Asian-zing Brazil Wendy Do   As a country of a very diverse population, Brazil has experienced the influx of a variety of races and ethnicities throughout the course of history. As a result, Brazil continues to experience extreme cultural syncretism and assimilation. Nearing the end of the nineteenth century, the world saw Brazil as a country with a high degree of miscegenation (Schwarcz 3); immigration is one of the major cause for this. From the discovery of Brazil in the 16th century to its colonization by Pedro Alvares Cabral and onward, Brazil has been a country of immigrants. One country in particular, Japan, started emigration to Brazil in the early 20th century. Most people would not expect Brazil to contain the largest Japanese immigration population. My thesis is that: Japanese immigrations initially sought relief from the Meiji Restoration and chose Brazil due to their increasing demand for laborers, but over time established a huge community which to their settlement. In this essay, I will discuss th e initial reason for the Japaneses immigration to Brazil, the impacts of these migrants, and the reaction of the Brazilians and Japanese to the migrants. This will demonstrate the impact of an Asian immigration society in Brazil and how it contributed to the diverse population due to racial formation. Before the Portuguese settled in Brazil, the majority of the population was of indigenous groups. As described in detail in Schwartzs work, when the Portuguese first arrived, they encountered various Indian groups and made an agreement where they decided that they needed to civilize the indigenous (Graham, W1D2). While the two groups of the Jesuits and the Portuguese settlers disagreed in ways to civilize the indigenous, they both believed in slavery. As indigenous groups were forced into slavery, they faced many risks including, overcrowding in their communities called aldeais and diseases that killed them at alarming rates (Graham, W1D2). Before the Portuguese arrived, the population of Indians capped around five million but by the 1950s, the population decreased to one hundred twenty thousand (Graham, W1D2). This not only led the devastation of the ingenious population, but increased the demand for labor. This trend would later contribute to the Japanese immigration to Brazil. How ever, before the Japanese, the substitution of indigenous slavery with African slave labor made its way. Brazil had a slave economy where one product dominated Brazils export for most of the slave period from 1550-1888 (Graham, W2D2). This began with the Donatorio Captaincies which were awarded by the crown in Portugal in order to protect interests in Brazil. The awards gave the Portuguese courtiers and soldiers, who bore the title of captain, to have the right of taxation, justice, administration, and the privileges to promote settlement and economic development (Schwartz 13) in Brazil. This marked the beginning of the Portuguese settlement which would evolve into plantations. The Coffee Cycle, is the period we will be focusing on, which took place from the 1830s to the 20th century. Coffee was expanding and slavery was abolished in the 1880s (Graham, W2D2) which led to a need for laborers. According to Schwarcz, from the beginning of the coffee plantations, the owners have contracted with workers in their home countries and engaging in acts such as loaning them money for travel costs, housing, or other expenses (8). With this being said, it can be noted that the Japanese were viewed more as an indentured servant, but eventually grew in status and recognition. The previous events mentioned have contributed to the diverse population in Brazil through: the indigenous already living there, the settlement of the Portuguese, the African slavery, and immigration from other countries. Many intellectuals, politicians, and cultural and economic leaders saw [] immigration as improving an imperfect nation that has been tainted by the history of Portuguese colonialism and African slavery (Lesser, 2013, 2). With the end of slavery, planters have encouraged their state and federal government to seek Europeans in order to replace their slaves in the massive coffee economy. By 1888, thousands of immigrants poured into Sao Paul (the largest group being the Italians); however, these white immigrants believed the elites of Brazil had created a system that gave them an inability to move out of low status. This created immigrant-led protests against labor and social conditions and the deportation of Italian for anarchism (Lesser, 1999, 82), so Brazil sought fo r a more submissive group. Japanese diplomat, Sho Nemoto mentioned in a later signed treaty that Brazil would be a country where Japanese immigrants could be perfectly settled and we could improve our standard of living, buy property, educate our children, and live happily' (Lesser, 1999, 82). Correlating with the Meiji governments interest in emigration of Japan, this seemed like the perfect option for the Japanese to immigrate to Brazil. The reasons for Japaneses immigration are laid out as: Brazilians needed more labor due to the abolishment of slavery, Japans Meiji government created a period of modernization where peasants become hungry and restless; the encouraged emigration in Japan, and the establishment of colonies by previous Japanese. The first reason why the Japanese migrated to Brazil was because Brazil was seeking a new labor group to fill in as laborers. They saw Japanese immigrants as a ready solution from their previous disappointment with the European replacements; in addition, this could also help foster a relationship between Japan and Brazil in relation to trading. The first Brazil-Japanese treaty was then signed in 1895, where Brazil would see a rapid increase in Japanese labor (Lesser 84). In addition between 1908 and 1941, about one-hundred ninety thousand Japanese immigrants would settle in Brazil (Lesser, 1999, 83). A ship containing the first 781 members of the newly founded Japanese community called the Kasato-Maru arrived after its fifty-one day journey from Japan in June 1908 (Lesser, 2012, 153). The results of the Japanese led the Brazilian government to later promote immigration to other Asian countries, such as China. The Japanese were described as an intelligent and energetic force and this people is amazing us with their power to assimilate everything from European civilization in letters, in science, in art, in industry and even in political institutions (Lesser, 1999, 83). The expectations of the Japanese to the Brazilians were very low, but what the Japanese contributed to this society made them realize that they were definitely not inferior. The second reason for Japanese migration was due to their expectations of Brazil. The Japanese workers felt tricked due to the belief that they would become rich. In turned, similar to previous immigrants, the Japanese revolted against the Brazilian elites. Some of them fled to Argentina, where the salary was higher; or other urban areas such as Minas-Gerais, Parana, and Sao Paulo (Lesser, 2012, 155). One Japanese boy, Riukiti Yamashiro summarized his experience in Brazil as the following: It was a lie when they said Brazil was good the emigration company lied (Lesser, 2012, 156). Japanese propaganda had led the Japanese to believe that Brazil would rich in five years and that they would be able to return home wealthy. However, this was just a proportion of the feelings that Japanese had of Brazil. The Japanese also faced a problem from their home country due to the modernization and industrialization of the Meiji period from 1868 to 1912 (Carvalho 3). Japanese sought escape from poverty, overpopulation, heavy taxes and numerous socioeconomic problems. While some Japanese immigrated to Manchuria or Korea, other fled to Australia or Hawaii. Emigration that was prohibited during the Tokugawa period (1603 1867) was solved when Japan faced these economic problems. The Japanese government gave permission to emigration companies to recruit emigrants, Brazil being the primary destination as immigrants faced strong resistance from other countries (Carvalho 4). The first group of immigrants was a failure because the Japanese rebelled against the emigration companies and deserted the population due to poor treatment and no form of payment. In addition, most had no experience in farming. However, all hope was not lost for the Japanese in Brazilians, because the Japanese would continue to enter the country for the next fifty years (Carvalho 7). The third reason was that Japanese were able to create a community within Brazil. In order to create solutions to the land and labor problems, law were established which required immigrants to come as family units (Carvalho 7) and Japanese-run colonies were allowed to be established. In addition, the Japanese did hold a more powerful protector regime than other immigrants since they were able to establish regular school schedules for children and allow adults to participate in various every day activities such as gymnastics and moral boosting (Lesser 2012 156). Schooling allowed children of the immigrants to move up into more dominant positions in Brazilian societies. In addition, foreign government-sponsored colonies allowed Japanese to be relived from the worry of landowners which allowed them to focus on settlement. This discouraged them from returning to Japan and encouraging more emigration as the success in Brazil news spread back to their home country (Lesser, 2012, 157). There were many opportunities for the Japanese to assimilate into Brazilian culture. Most Japanese arrived at a time where the acquisition of land was easy, allowing them to produce new crops such as cotton, rice and potatoes (Carvalho 8). The social structure of Japanese communities mirrored those of traditional Japanese communities where the social order also followed traditional Japanese patterns. If a Japanese were to disturb the social order, they would be [ostracized] (Carvalho 10). The Japaneses primary goal was to accumulate as much capital as possible in order to return to their country of origin, so they worked hard and saved; however, the years they spend on Brazilian soil allowed them to bring their traditions and customs. This included their practices of incense money, gosembetsu (farewell gifts), and emphasis on social relationships between children and parent and society in addition to holidays as well (Carvalho 11). Their economic and cultural success allowed them to negotiate a position in the Brazilian society to the extent where Brazilian Indians and Japanese immigrants were of the same biological stock (Lesser, 2012, 160). Japanese immigration has contributed a great deal to Brazils national identity. The Meiji era created changes in the economic structure of Japan which led to relief through emigration. At the same time, Brazilians believed that Japanese immigrations would solve the problem of rural work, yet the same result due to poor treatment led to the revolt. However, the difference of the Japanese lied in the fact that they were able to form their own communities. This led to the population being able to culturally sustain themselves in Brazil. Currently, about 1.5 million Brazilians claim Japanese descent (Lesser, 1999, 174). The Japanese migration highlights the differences in immigration to Brazil. The Japanese and their descendants are among some of the best Brazilians and the cultural attitude they developed has allowed them to move into the upper-class of society. Today, Japanese-Brazilians can be found amongst every area of Brazilian society, from politics to economy to arts and industry (Lesser, 1999, 174). Even so, the pattern of emigration and immigration differ according to the economy of Brazil. For most of the last two hundred years, Brazil has been a destination for immigration (Lesser, 1999, 190). However, even with an improved economy, Brazil has been faced with the problem of emigration rather than immigration. A statistic from 2010 shows that about four million Brazilians live abroad which means the population is slowly decreasing. Many Japanese are involved in a phenomenon called dekasegui which means working away from home which is used to those who are descendants of Japanese who migrated to Japan (Lesser,2012, 191). With the amendment to Japans Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law in 1990, the Japanese were allows to have work visas up to the generation (Lesser, 2012, 191). This trend fluctuated for various years, for example, when Brazils economy grew strong in the 2000s and the Japanese economy weakened, the migratory trends reversed. As opposed to in the 19th century, Brazilian-Japanese immigrants believed they were temporarily migrating to Brazil to become wealthy (Lesser, 1999, 192). In conclusion, Brazil has and still is a country of immigration. Despite traditional views of Brazil as a country of mestizo and African slavery, the Japanese population outside of Japan is highest in Brazil. I chose to write this essay on the reason for Japanese immigration to Brazil because Asian immigration is typically viewed as the Chinese immigration to America in the 1800s. However, the Japanese is not a country that is really talked about. This relates to the course theme of the Racial Formation of Brazil because it discusses the reasons for the Japanese immigration and how it contributed to Brazils diverse population. Initially, the Japanese immigrations initially sought relief from the Meiji Restoration which paralleled the Brazilian need for laborers. However, the Japanese were allowed to create a settlement and community which in turned allowed for the mass emigration from Japan to Brazil. This contributed to the existing community today and despite reverse changes, Brazi l is able to add onto its extremely diverse and vast culture. Works Cited Carvalho, Daniela De. Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin. 1st ed. Place of Publication Not Identified: Routledge, 2015. Print. Graham, Jessica. Arrival of Enslaved Africans. HILA 121A W1D2. Warren Lecture Hall, Rm. 2115, La Jolla. 19 Jan. 2017. Lecture. Graham, Jessica. History of Brazilian Indios. HILA 121A W2D2. Warren Lecture Hall, Rm. 2115, La Jolla. 12 Jan. 2017. Lecture. Lesser, Jeffrey. Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013. Print. Lesser, Jeffrey. Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil. (1999): Pp. 13-39 (Chapter Two); Pp. 81-94 (part of Chapter Four); Pp. 147-57 (Chapter Six).+. Duke University Press. Web. 21 Mar. 2017. Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. Introduction. The Spectacle of the Races: Scientists, Institutions and the Race Question in Brazil, 1870-1930. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999. 3-20. Print. Schwartz, Stuart. Early Brazil: A Documentary Collection to 1700. (2010): 117-40. TED. Cambridge University Press. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.

Reviewing The Tragical History Of Doctor Faustus English Literature Essay

Reviewing The Tragical History Of Doctor Faustus English Literature Essay My third chapter proposes a threefold analysis of the major characters in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita. First, by comparing Faustus and Margarita, I show how their individual features as well as their relationships with the other characters are marked by elements of feminism, psychoanalysis, Renaissance humanism, affective geography, and role-play. Then, I put forth a parallel between Woland and Mephostophilis meant to reveal that-in both literary works-the devils embody a necessary evil that actually reinforces divinity. Last but not least, an insight into some of the most significant supernatural episodes of these books shall demonstrate that magical realism and Bakhtins theory of carnival laughter offer readers the Faustian myth with a twist. Margarita and Doctor Faustus Starting from the premise that man is created as Gods reflection, in a twofold embodiment of the masculine and the feminine principle (Sergei Bulgakov 150), one might easily assume that both The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita underline the harmonious union between male and female elements-hence Bulgakovs title of his novel and also its dual structure; yet instead, nothing could be farther from the actual ponder of masculine over feminine aspects in both books. In this sense, feminist critics and theoreticians base their approach to either of these two literary works on issues of gender-segregated societies, appellatives, transgender identity, androgyny, and linguistically codified male discourses. Both Marlowes England and Bulgakovs Stalinist Russia are worlds segregated in terms of gender. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick explains: male friendship, mentorship, admiring identification, bureaucratic subordination, and heterosexual rivalry (quoted in Chedgzoy 247) are all forms of homosocial connections that pervade both Marlowes play and Bulgakovs novel. Thus, Faustus aspirations are foreshadowed at the beginning of the play when he fantasizes about exotic sites, colonial exploitation (attributed to men exclusively), and violent ambitions: Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires. / O, what a world of profit and delight, / Of power, of honour, of omnipotence (Marlowe 52). Faustus deems knowledge the way to gain power. His is not a singular view; rather, it represents the exponent of Marlowes epoch according to historians: during those times, this segregation extends even to theatres where actresses are not admitted and universities where men alone are granted access. Bulgakovs work o f fiction account for a role reversal, although the circumstances are somewhat similar. Margarita-the female Faustus of the twentieth century and therefore the one who assumes a anti-hegemonic role-is swept off her feet by the Master, a God-like figure who is not satisfied with writing about Yeshua (hence the identification with the latter that confers him divine authority) but carries his artistic mission further, which acquires metaphysical connotations. The Master remains unnamed and thus represents a universal symbol of Bulgakovs literary times. He is the exponent of one of the major Moscow literary associations, called Massolit (Bulgakov 11) that rarely if ever includes women writers among its members. Even if this is the case, women are belittled twice: first rejected as writers or second fiercely censored by the state. Feminists seek to rebel against such a misogynistic structure of masculinity; they find the key figures to do that in exactly the same female characters who are initially submissive and oppressed. Both Margarita and Helen of Troy disrupt the authoritative discourse of masculinity. On the one hand, the second part of Bulgakovs novel casts away the Master and brings into focus the beautiful Margarita: She was beautiful and intelligent. () many women would have given anything to exchange their lives for the life of Margarita Nikolaevna (Bulgakov 166). She is now the active protagonist, whereas the Master is the passive one. She is willing to sacrifice body and soul in the name of love, acknowledging her role entirely. On the other hand, Marlowes tragedy depicts Helen as the demolisher of masculine power; her name Helen may be read as made up of the core Hel (referring to hell and destruction) and the particle -en. That is why Helens image is associated with the downfall of Troy but also of Faustus and Wittenberg here. Furthermore, an equally significant element that brings about the subversion of masculine authority is love. Both Faustus and the Master single-mindedly surrender to their mistresses, although this aspect is more obvious at Marlowe. In Bulgakovs book, the Master owes Margarita his salvation and recuperation, whereas in Marlowes tragedy, the play of significances has a greater depth. Doctor Faustus and Helen engage in an androgynous role-play: he plays Semele and Paris: I will be Paris, and for love of thee / Instead of Troy shall Wittenberg be sackd, / () When he appeard to hapless Semele (Marlowe 106), while Helen assumes the prototype of feminine beauty but also the role of Jupiter: Brighter art thou than flaming Jupiter (106). A few lines afterwards, by being associated with Eve, Faustus becomes aware of his sin but he is also left with an undermined masculinity: that tempted Eve may be saved, but not Faustus (108). In The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita alike, even episodic characters or those of lesser importance see women only as a medium of power, as objects rather than agents. Hence Valdes ironic observation: Sometimes like women or unwedded maids, / Shadowing more beauty in their airy brows / Than in the white breasts of the queen of love (Marlowe 54) or Robins declamatory fantasy: Ay, there be of us here that have waded as deep into / matters as other men (73). Mephostophilis himself turns the concept of marriage into an antisocial act because he offers Faustus a devil disguised as woman instead of a wife. Bulgakovs text describes the meeting between Azazello and Margarita on which occasion the former reckons that women are superficial beings: saying ironically: Difficult folk, these women! (174). Another character, Hella-Wolands maidservant-is analogised to Helen of Troy through her name (note the particle Hell): she represents the feminine side of Hell. Twentieth century feminists fight against such patriarchal empowerment. This is the case of Helene Cixous who upholds the idea that gender relations are inscribed in the language we use. Consequently, Cixous turns the invisibility of women back against men, who become the other of the other and hence are cancelled out (Hedges 106). Following in the same line, Luce Irigaray argues that man obliterate differences between them and women as a result of their belief that women represent their reflected opposites; therefore, womens otherness is denied (Hedges 105-6). Additionally, the two protagonists of these literary works are linked by features of humanism. Doctor Faustus definitely embodies the exponent of the perfectible man of the Renaissance whose intellectual curiosity, aspiration for power, and nationalism are expressed rhetorically in the first person singular: Ill have them (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) / Ill levy (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) / Ill make (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) (Marlowe 53). In this respect, Faustus is an overreacher according to Harry Levin as he reaches out to the unconscious, to supernatural forces that might help him remedy the intellectual bases of his age which he perceives as faulty (quoted in Mitchell 55). Although he aims to gain fame through his powers and he aspires to be more than a man, he is permanently haunted by an uneasy consciousness; hence the opposition between the Good and the Bad Angels but also the Seven Deadly Sins that reveal the scholars inner flaws. Margarita too is a representative of twentieth century humanism. She does not seek to gain power through knowledge but through love. Similarly, her being an overreacher is evident in the desire to explore new environments and her acceptance to obey occult forces. Marlowes Faustus and Bulgakovs Margarita are both folk protagonists since they are considered dissidents of their times, in spite the fact that their endeavours target very distinct goals. Paul de Man describes this type of character as the one whose path is strewn with those parts of himself that he had to abandon in the process of his own becoming (398). Faustus symbolizes the opposition brought about by the protestant belief that every individual is responsible for his / her own salvation or damnation. Margarita denotes the opposition against the rigid moral and social rules dictated by the communist regime. The scholars unorthodox practices and his extended travels shed light on the ultimate results which he bargains for: knowledge, fame, and control over other cultures, whereas Margaritas is a more limited aim-she is not at all domineering (although she is appointed queen for a night) but looks for affective fulfillment. However, these central characters are brought together by the development of all their individual possibilities, so that, by being put to test in the world, they might penetrate, come to know, and dominate reality (Lukacs quoted in Hedges 92). Faustus and Margaritas personalities extend to more than their individual scope, they represent a literary reaction to the ardent issues of their times. Moreover, these protagonists are depicted as torn between their affective and their intellectual make-up all throughout the texts. Obviously, the combo of emotion and reason is much more stringent in Faustus case: the oscillation between enjoying life and attaining knowledge reveals that for the scholar, the body is more important than the soul, as he himself puts it: This word damnation terrifies not him (Marlowe 58). Nevertheless, Faustus existence stands not under the sign of eros, (like Margaritas does) but of thanatos (Hermand quoted in Hedges 94)-since his quest leads to death whereas Margaritas grants her access to atemporal bliss. Ultimately, the construction of Marlowes and Bulgakovs central characters is informed by the setting where they are portrayed. Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr. speaks about an affective geography (231)-for instance Faustus study or the Master and Margaritas rented apartment-that shapes the protagonists identity. He further explains that the notion of geography is defined as a conceptual structure through which social and spatial relations are simultaneously materialised and represented (Sullivan 236). In these two literary works, there exists a cyclic sequence of broadness and enclosure. We find Faustus alone in his study both at the beginning and in the end of the play, although he travels extensively during the twenty-four years of the pact, while Margarita swings between the remoteness of her Masters apartment-A completely private little apartment, plus a front hall with a sink in it, little windows just level with the paved walk leading from the gate (Bulgakov 109)-Moscows expansiveness, and the seclusion of their eternal refuge. Thus, the relationship space-identity acquires new dimensions; locations become part of the characters emotional make-up: The axis mundi passes through [Faustuss] Wittenberg study and the Muscovite abode; on it lie Heaven and Hell (Kott quoted in Sullivan 240). Overall, Marlowes play and Bulgakovs prose present two multidimensional characters who-if carefully analysed-are more similar than different in terms of questioning patriarchal discourses through feminist techniques, in terms of revealing humanistic features, and in terms of attaching emotional connotations to their setting or background. The Evil Suite The archetype of the dichotomy good-evil permeates human discourses as well as literary creations since the beginning of time. Evil has forever been opposed to and traditionally vanquished by good forces, regardless of the culture adopting this model. Nonetheless, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus as well as The Master and Margarita put forth an innovative perspective: not only does evil stem from good, but it also reinforces divine laws and teaches moral lessons. Both Christopher Marlowe and Mikhail Bulgakov deal with metaphysical issues in their works, issues that question the relationship between Heaven and Hell and Gods intervention in humans lives at the same time. In this context, Wolands emergence in Moscow and Mephostophilis in Faustus study foreshadow the obvious religious themes whose manifold interpretations are disclosed in these two works. Wolands mission is to point to the moral collapse of the Stalinist 1930s Moscow through the use of satire and supernatural whereas Mephostophilis task is more limited in scope because it refers to a single individual, Doctor Faustus. However, both demons appear as God-sent messengers swinging between Heaven, earth, and Hell. In Marlowes tragedy but also in Bulgakovs novel, the forces of good and evil are not in competition but coexist on more or less equal terms (225) as Laura D. Weeks tells us in her article Hebraic Antecedents in The Master and Margarita: Woland and Company Revisited. The black magic professor, Woland seems inseparably united with God even from the very beginning of the novel, when the motto taken from Goethe exposes this timeless link: I am part of that power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good (Bulgakov 11). The same may be said about Mephostophilis who-when asked about his origins-replies: FAU. Was not that Lucifer an angel once? / MEPH. Yes, Faustus, and most dearly lovd of God. () FAU. And what are you that live with Lucifer? / MEPH. Unhappy spirits that fell with Lucifer (Marlowe 59). Thus, Woland appears as an intricate and profound character while Mephosto is less thoughtful and more servile. Additionally, having the status of Gods opposites, the two devils actually strengthen His goodness and prove once more that they are His envoys. In Bulgakovs novel, Woland claims to have been an incognito observer of Yeshuas trial; it is paradoxical how-by recounting this first installment to Berlioz and Ivan Homeless-Woland in fact reasserts Gods existence: Theres no need for any points of view, the strange professor replied, he simply existed, thats all' (Bulgakov 18). Likewise, Mephostophilis reconfirms the divine authority when he admits his origins and confesses the sin of having Conspird against our God with Lucifer (my emphasis, Marlowe 59). Moreover, both Woland and Mephostophilis have immense powers, yet they are aware these are limited in comparison to Gods. For instance, when Margarita asks that Frieda be forgiven, Satan admits: Each department must look after its own affairs. I dont deny our possibilities are rather great, () But there is simply no sense in doing what ought to be done by another as I just put it department (Bulgakov 216). Mephosto similarly gives away his limitations when he refuses to tell Faustus who has created the world: Now tell me who made the world. / MEPH. I will not (Marlowe 69) or during all the episodes when he urges the scholar to renew his bond for fear Faustus might be forgiven by God. However, in their attempt to attest Gods existence, both Marlowes and Bulgakovs demons actually want to reinstate theirs. Wolands and Mephostophilis is a peculiar status since they seem to embody both good and evil. On the occasion of the Great Ball when Woland is willing to grant Margarita a wish, the power of mercy surfaces: I am talking about mercy, Woland explained his words, (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) It sometimes creeps, quite unexpectedly and perfidiously, through the narrowest cracks. And so I am talking about rags' (Bulgakov 216). Mephostophilis does not mention mercy but regret and despair when he contemplates his everlasting doom in Hell: Thinkst thou that I, who saw the face of God / And tasted the eternal joys of heaven, / Am not tormented with ten thousand hells / In being deprivd of everlasting bliss? (Marlowe 59) or when he advises the scholar: O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, / Which strike a terror to my fainting soul (ibidem). Under these circumstances, there arise questions about the ambiguous, opposites-marked personalities of Woland and Mephosto; Radha Balasubramanian further explains: the two literary works complicate the matter further by concentrating on the nature of the Devil, raising questions as to who the Devil is, and how he came out being angelic. He is a wanderer, without a name and without a home? Does he also resemble God? Are they the same? Do devils exist as a contrast to God? Are they two sides of the same coin? (1995: 41) Therefore, besides the dominant feature of demonism, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita endow their devils characters with versatile attributes. The demons incorporate multiple valid truths (Emerson 179), acting as coordinators and bridging the different plans of the two books. In so doing, Woland and Mephosto bring about a multiplicity of perspectives and remind the reader of Mikhail Bakhtins heteroglossia, although Marlowes devil is less distant than Bulgakovs: Except when he is the mouthpiece for an installment of Christs Passion, Woland is a taciturn man. This is appropriate. He shows rather than tells (Emerson 179). Another equally significant aspect is related to the parallel that the two authors draw between devils and religion. Hence, the satire of the Stalinist Moscows society is acquired through a review of the Yershalaim narrative. The same may be averred about a satire of Catholicism at Marlowe through a post-Reformation approach. Whereas the parallel between Wolands visit in Moscow and Yeshuas Passions in Yershalaim indicates time condensation-Moscows literary time became a mythical time that can be structurally correlated with the mythical dimension in the Yershalaim chapters (Balasubramanian, 2001: 90)-there is no such analogy or time contraction in Marlowes tragedy. Instead, the dramaturge describes the meeting between Faustus, Mephosto, and the Pope as the only occasion when the Pope is punished by the devil. In this way, Catholicism is downplayed as the Pope is mocked for failing to exorcize the troublesome ghost (Marlowe 83). Here, religious dissidence is also backed up by newly em ergent ideas of predestination and original sin as advocated by the Elizabethan church. By opposition, the sole religious dispute occurs in the incipit of Bulgakovs novel between Ivan Homeless, Berlioz, and Woland. Furthermore, there are additional thought-provoking implications that seem to pervade only Bulgakovs novel but not Marlowes play. For instance, certain scholars question the source and the narrator of the novel at the same time, attributing these alternatively to Bulgakov, the Master, the Devil, or God (Balasubramanian, 1995: 44). It is evident that endowing Woland with the premise of authorship is an idea reminiscent of Bulgakov himself who has originally planned his novel as a Gospel According to the Devil' (Emerson 178). In this respect, Christs story is defamiliarized by transposing narrative points of view from the apostles to the devil (Balasubramanian, 1995: 44)-the habitual Christian perception is disrupted and the gospel acquires novel undertones. In general, good and evil are the inseparable components of the human nature differentiated only by mans free will. There is no preeminence of evil over good, although there can be no good without evil: Kindly consider the question: what would your good do if evil did not exist, and what would the earth look like if shadows disappeared from it? (Bulgakov 274). By this account, both Woland and Mephostophilis appear as the most reliable source of knowledge in these two literary works but equally as troubled allies of God. Supernatural Encounters At the beginning of the nineteenth century, E. T. A. Hoffmann-a leading representative of German Romanticism-uses the fantasy genre with macabre undertones in combination with realism. A century later, the theoretician Mikhail Bakhtin defines his work as a Menippean satire, fundamentally satirical or mocking in nature and seeking to ridicule different intellectual attitudes and philosophical postures (Cuddon 504). The two literary works herein under scrutiny draw on the category of supernatural and on comedy to give the Faustian myth a twist, although humour serves distinct purposes in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita. The use of humour and farce in the two books is treated differently by critics. On the one hand, in Marlowes play, the comic scenes have not received that much critical consideration over the years. One reason for this aspect might be the fact that there is still ardent debate nowadays over the authorship of these comic scenes: There is almost unanimous agreement that the scenes of clownage (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and the comic scenes at the papal, imperial, and ducal courts (Jump 22) are not Marlowes but someone elses-hence the variation in length and style between the A-version (1604) and the B-version of the text (1616). Regardless of their origin, humourous scenes do permeate Marlowes play. On the other hand, Bulgakovs comedy episodes have been the focus of much more critical interpretation due to the conviction that, in this case, Bulgakov himself is the author of these scenes. Bulgakovs fiction does not employ humour and pranks only for the sake of comic relief but also to underscore a deeper connotation: the Stalinist Moscows small-mindedness, gluttony, and moral degradation. Certain commentators such as Marie-Hà ©là ¨ne Besnault in Belief and Spectacle at Early Performances of Doctor Faustus (2009) separate humourous episodes into low-comedy and clowning scenes (19). The former category occur in Vatican and at Charles-the German Emperors-court, have Faustus as protagonist, depict people pertaining to the social elite, and are further divided into sub-scenes with a larger number of characters (Besnault 19-20): dukes, attendants, cardinals, and others. The most relevant instances of low-comedy scenes centre on the moments when Faustus and Mephosto steal the Popes food or beat up the friars: POPE. How now! Who snatchd the meat from me? / POPE. My wine gone too? Ye lubbers, look about (Marlowe 82). By opposition, the protagonists of the clowning scenes are Robin, Dick, the horse-courser and their suite (in fact, all of them embodying archetypes of clowns), although the main topic of discussion remains Faustus. Besides, these episodes have a less intricate course of events as well as an equally uncomplicated spatial and temporal frame. Examples that best illustrate this case present Faustus tricking the horse-courser or Robin and Dick being changed to animals: For apish deeds transformed to an ape. / MEPH. And so thou shalt: be thou transformed to a dog, and carry him upon thy back. Away, be gone! (Marlowe 85). Similarly to Marlowes low-comedy that parallels the major events of the play, Bulgakovs novel contains buffoonery scenes meant to counterpoint the main plot. For instance, Natashas metamorphosis into a witch parallels Margaritas: Completely naked, her dishevelled hair flying in the air, she flew astride a fat hog, who was clutching a briefcase in his front hoofs, while his hind hoofs desperately threshed the air (Bulgakov 185). Then, there is also the correspondence between Behemoths noble-like manners and Wolands aristocratic personality: There was now a white bow-tie on the cats neck, and a pair of ladies mother-of-pearl opera glasses hung from a strap on his neck. Whats more, the cats whiskers were gilded (Bulgakov 195). Both Marlowes tragedy and Bulgakovs narrative dwell on the connection between belief and disbelief when presenting supernatural occurrences. T. S. Coleridges willing suspension of disbelief (Biographia Literaria, 1817) justifies the emergence of supernatural, seemingly inexplicable actions in a literary work. Thus, despite being taken aback by multiple extraordinary, uncanny events, the readers of these two books are willing to believe and acknowledge such scenes as literary conventions. Berliozs severed head as predicted by Woland, Behemoth traveling by tram with a paid ticket, Faustus invocation of Alexander the Great, or Wagners summoning devils are all examples that illustrate the abovementioned hypothesis. Unlike Bulgakovs fiction however, Marlowes play draws on an extra element which reinforces the suspension of disbelief (ibidem), namely the fact that the comic scenes seem open to further editing, alterations, or adjustments according to the taste of the audience who watches t he performance of the play onstage. Additionally, magical realism informs The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita alike. In The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (1998), J. A. Cuddon enumerates some of the key aspects which characterize this literary trend: Some of the characteristic features of this kind of fiction are the mingling and juxtaposition of the realistic and the fantastic or bizarre, skillful time shifts, convoluted and even labyrinthine narratives and plots, miscellaneous use of dreams, myths and fairy stories, expressionistic and even surrealistic description, arcane erudition, the element of surprise or abrupt shock, the horrific and the inexplicable. (488) In the two literary works analysed here magical realism establishes a link between the books reality and a mythological, distant past. In this way, supernatural episodes are bordered by easily recognisable locations and characters that offer readers a dose of certainty. Behemoth alludes to Charles Perraults story The Booted Cat (1697) when he claims: A cat is not supposed to wear trousers, Messire, the cat replied with great dignity. Youre not going to tell me to wear boots, too, are you?' (Bulgakov 195). Koroviev himself hints at various titles as he walks pass the Griboedov House: and a sweet awe creeps into ones heart at the thought that in this house there is now ripening the future author of a Don Quixote or a Faust, or, devil take me, a Dead Souls. Eh?' (268). Furthermore, humour at Marlowe and Bulgakov is not exclusively employed for purposes of comic relief during moments charged with narrative or dramatic tension. Rather, it also mocks, it satirizes individual and social flaws, being marked by ironic undertones. In Bulgakovs novel, the fascination with the folkloric, the demonic and the grotesque (Jones 27) actually indicates a satire of the Stalinist society that has discarded individual reliability and awareness. In this situation, the mockery seems to be directed especially towards people of the artistic sphere: writers, critics, or theatre employees. By comparison, in Marlowes dramatic work readers come across entertaining episodes fraught by sinister underpinnings-for example, Robin and Dicks metamorphoses in animals parody the degradation of the human nature, its reduction to primeval instincts. Moreover, Mikhail Bakhtins theory of carnival laughter may be applied to both Marlowes play and Bulgakovs narrative. In the article entitled Carnival and Comedy: On Bakhtins Misreading of Boccaccio, Adrian Stevens explains that For Bakhtin, carnival is a manifestation of folk laughter; it embodies a folk based culture defined by its antipathy to the official and hierarchical structures of everyday, noncarnival life (1). Bakhtin believes that carnivals influence the various types of comic works in literature by deferring daily constraints and thus liberating humans and also by bringing opposites together. In Bulgakovs and Marlowes books comic scenes unite masters and servants (Faustus and Mephosto-Wagner and his suite; Margarita-Natasha; Woland-his retinue), the righteous and the sinful (Yeshua-Woland; Pope-Mephosto; Good Angel-Bad Angel) but equally the wise and the fool (Faustus-Benvolio; the Master-Ivan Homeless). On the whole, the third chapter of my paper has shown how the personalities of the protagonists in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus and The Master and Margarita are shaped by elements of feminism, humanism, and affective geography. Afterwards, I have compared the evil entourages in these two works only to reveal that Woland and Mephostophilis are an integrant part of goodness. Finally, by contrasting the supernatural and the comic episodes in Marlowes play and in Bulgakovs novel, I have exposed the fact that humour may acquire deeper implications besides the visible comic relief at the surface.