Singapores Economy Transformation free essay sample

INTRODUCTION In 1994 the World Bank described Singapore as the most successful economy in the world and moved Singapore from a third World country to a First World nation within a generation. From the Singapore Department of Statistics, Singapore’s gross domestic product (GDP) has grown approximately 7% annually from 1965 to 2009. This was accompanied by a low inflation rate of averaging about 2. 1% yearly. Singapore’s 2009 per capita income of US$36,537. 00 is the second highest in Asia after Japan and about 78% of the level of the United States (US). According to 2010 Global Competitiveness Report by the World Economic Forum, Singapore’s economy is now ranked third in the world ahead of the United States, hosting to over 7000 multinational companies (MNCs). Table 1 provides a summary of Singapore’s economic and social progress over the past 44 years. |1965 |1970 |1975 |1980 |1985 |1990 |1995 |2000 |2005 |2009 | |GDP (S$ Million) |8,891 |16,207 |25,259 |37,959 |51,702 |77,299 |118,963 |162,379 |180,496 |265,057 | |GDP Growth (%) |7. 5 |13. 7 |4. 1 |9. 7 |-1. 4 |9. 0 |8. 0 |9. 6 |8. 4 |-1. 3 | |Inflation (%) |0. 3 |0. 4 |2. 6 |8. 5 |0. 5 |3. |1. 7 |1. 3 |1. 7 |0. 6 | |Per capital GDP (US$) |512 |914 |2,505 |4,854 |6,466 |12,110 |23,806 |23,043 |25,191 |36,537 | |Gross Domestic Savings (% of GDP) |10 |18 |29 |38 |41 |43 |50 |48 |47 |44 | |Total Population (Million) |1,887 |2,075 |2,263 |2,414 |2,736 |3,047 |3,526 |4,018 |4,250 |4,987 | |Unemployment Rate (%) |9. 2 |8. 2 |4. 5 |3. 5 |4. 1 |1. 7 |2. 7 |4. 4 |5. 3 |3. 2 | |Literacy Rate (% above 15 yrs old) |73 |78 |83 |86 |89 |91 |93 |94 |95 |96. 3 | |Life Expectancy (years) |66 |68 |70 |71 |73 |74 |76 |78 |79 |81 | | Table 1. Singapore’s Economic and Social Progress, 1965 – 2009 Sources: World Bank Development Indicators, 2010, The World Bank; Singapore Department of Statistics and Ministry of Health, Singapore. Since independence, Singapore had enjoyed an impressive economic growth record. This essay aims to analyze the contributing factors towards the successful transformation of the Singapore economy by adopting the Trinity development model. The Trinity development model includes the EGOIN theory, the Triple C theory and the S-curve. This model seeks to provide a common principle for development through functional solutions to ease poverty and supports economic growth. CATEGORIZATION OF THE SINGAPORE ECONOMY (THE S? CURVE) The S-Curve classifies the global economy into three groups: turtle (low income, slow growth), horse (middle income, rapid growth), and elephant (high income, slow growth). The growth rate of the per capita income is shown by the slope of the S-Curve, the steeper the slope will correspond to higher growth rate. According to Lim Choon Yah, in terms of per capita income growth rate on a yearly basis, elephant economies normally grow at less than 3-4%, whereas horse economies grow at more than 4%. Turtle economies, like elephants, will grow at 3-4% at best. In 1965, Singapore was categorized as a mature turtle economy afflicted by low savings and foreign investments, poor infrastructure and massive unemployment. Since then, Singapore experienced a spectacular economic transformation and has moved into the Horse economy. Nowadays, Singapore is between the Horse and Elephant economy as it has an ageing population, but still has high savings and high investment rates. The common characteristics of the high growth the Horse economies are: 1. Control population growth 2. High saving function . Export-oriented industrializing policy 4. High investment in economic infrastructure 5. High investment in human resource development 6. Priority on economic achievements 7. Emphasis on market-forces as an engine of growth Singapore has all this characteristics established by the government to enable her to enjoy superlative growth rates. Remove any of this characteristics, the growth engine will slow down. As stated earlier, Singapore has ageing population issues which are common in Elephant economies. The issues created a labour shortage and furthermore, affect the output produced. The government tries to solve the problem by attracting high skills foreign workers into the labour market. The following diagram shows Singapore’s economy in comparison with the other East Asian countries using the EGOIN per capita rates. [pic] Figure 1,S-Curve for the 17 East Asian Economies Source: Lim (2005). EGOIN is closely associated with the S-Curve. The higher the level of EGOIN, the higher the economy will be on the S-Curve. Economies with rapidly improving EGOIN would enjoy rapid growth, and these economies belong to the horse category like Hong Kong and Singapore. On the other hand, turtle economies are those with low and stagnant levels of EGOIN such as the North Korea and Myanmar, and the EGOIN levels of elephant economies are very high but growing very slowly at the same time like Japan. The EGOIN theory distinguishes between rate and level of growth. Economies that experience quantum-leap improvement in their EGOIN, for example a move from planned economies to market-oriented economies (E), or adoption of pro-development investment and trade policies (G, E, I), will enjoy a jump in their economic growth rates. EGOIN has a direct role on the cause of economic growth of a country and it would be used to further elaborate Singapore’s economy success. MIRACLES OF THE SINGAPORE ECONOMY (THE EGOIN AND TRIPLE C THEORY) The EGOIN and Triple C theories would provide a good analysis to the economic transformation of Singapore. EGOIN Theory EGOIN represent the five domestic co-determinants of economic development: Entrepreneurship (E), Government (G), Ordinary Labor (O), Investment (I) and Natural Resources (N). The EGOIN theory adopts a human-centred approach, where E, G and O are considered as the active agents because they possesses the social capacity of an economy to accumulate and utilize the available physical and natural resources. I and N are passive agents providing the tools, infrastructures, resources and physical capital to support economy development. Two key features of the EGOIN theory are: 1. EGOIN is multi-causal and its focus on government provides a higher degree of realism to the theory. 2. EGOIN emphasizes on the human determinants of development, in particular the quality of government and its bureaucracy. Triple C Theory This theory suggested that economic growth is propelled by three engines: domestic, regional and global. The domestic engine is fuelled by the EGOIN of the economy, while the regional and global engines are lubricated by trade and investment openness. Trade and investment are necessary for an economy to benefit from the inventions and technological advancement of other economies. Trade and investment also assist to increase market size and enhance competitiveness. Hence a horse economy that embraces open trade and investment policies stands to grow at a much higher rate than a turtle economy that adopts close trade and investment policies. The theory also highlighted that in order to drive the other two engines, it is necessary to have a strong domestic engine. If the domestic engine fails, in particular â€Å"G†, the regional and global engines will stall. So it is paramount for the government to harness the benefits of globalization. The following would give an insight into how Singapore’s economic growth and success is government-made through market-supporting public policies. Industrialization Led the Road to Economy Triumph (EGOIN’s G, I and N) The Singapore government is the creator of a disciplined and result-orientated society and it has penetrated every aspects of the socio-economic life through public campaigns, governmental agencies and regulations. The EGOIN’s ‘G’ plays a pivotal role in the successful industrialization of the Singapore’s economy. Example is the setting up of the Economic Development Board (EDB) to promote industrialization and economic development. Singapore forged ahead towards a highly industrialized economy, encouraging foreign investment and protecting businessmen’s interests to acquire the highest and fastest economic effects, which related to high EGOIN’s ‘I’. They are listed in the following: (i) Physical and human capitals. It consists of a broad range of development activities, like the establishment of physical infrastructure, construction of industrial parks, upgrading of human capitals, and creation of a legal and administrative framework for industrial promotion. (ii) Fiscal incentives. There are attractive tax benefits to attract foreign investors to Singapore for the manufacturing sectors. Other incentives include the Investment Allowance, Warehousing and Service Incentive, Expansion Incentive, and Accelerated Depreciation and Technical Advisory Services, which contributed towards the industrialization of the economy. (iii) Transformation through industrialization. The initial surge was on labour-intensive industries. However, the orientation towards labour-intensive industrialization has shifted towards higher skilled and higher value-added activities since 1979. In relation to EGOIN’s ‘N’, the government maximizes the use of its unique natural resources as the entrepot. By early 1970s, with industrialization gathering momentum, and trade in services expanding in tandem, the development of the transport and communications sector also accelerated. Singapore’s geographical advantage allowed it to successfully develop its air transportation, telecommunications, shipping and cargo handling activities. The government invested heavily in the physical infrastructure, making Singapore an attractive manufacturing place. Besides the excellent communication networks also helped to increase its competitiveness by reducing the cost of manufacturing in Singapore and export to other countries. Finally, there are no programme of industrial growth can succeed unless there is political stability. Investors, domestic or foreign want to be able to predict the future with confidence before they commit their capital investment. Thus, these effective strategies, policies and capitalist approaches have contributed substantially to Singapore’s rapid economic transformation. Outward and Forward Looking Pave the Way to the Next Economy Evolution (Triple C theory) Singapore needs to open up and develop economic relationships with the rest of the world to be able to develop and grow. Singapore is driven by all three engines: the domestic, regional and global engines. From the EGOIN theory explanations, it shows that the government has played a crucial role in the exceptional development of Singapore’s domestic market, which is a prerequisite for growth. Singapore has built a strong domestic engine with its effective and efficient government and a highly skilled labour force. Singapore is a small state with limited domestic market and natural resources. Hence Singapore industrialized through an export-oriented strategy to expand its market, with factories build in advance of demand and a highly skilled workforce readily available. It attracted many foreign investors to Singapore to develop the manufacturing and services sectors. Singapore’s outward-looking policy contributed significantly to its successful development and accelerated growth rates. Regional and international growth is constantly transferred between Singapore and its trading partners which enabled Singapore to grow collectively with other conomies. Example is the opting of a policy to regionalization in 1993 for sustainable long-term growth. It is an extension of the growth triangle experiment for Singapore to borrow resources and extend its production frontier by encouraging its labour-intensive industries to relocate in Batam or Johor. Other regionalization programmes includes the development and management of industrial parks and townships such as the Wuxi I ndustrial Park and the Suzhou Industrial Township in China. Since independence, the Singapore government has promoted a free trade system with a well-developed infrastructure and services as well as establishing several business partnerships. For instance, Singapore has been a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) since 1993 and World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995 and its main business partners are the US and the economies within the European Union (EU). Singapore also benefits from bilateral trade to expand market opportunities and to boost free trade with Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). The cumulative causation theory, which forms the basis of the Triple C theory, suggested that wealth tends to create wealth and poverty tends to create poverty. Example from table 1 has shown that during 1985 – Falling demand crisis, and 2009 – United States financial crisis, Singapore had experienced negative GDP growth rates due to its exposure to international trade. Therefore Singapore’s economy is vulnerable and needs to continue to plan ahead to diversify its industries and services, to protect its economy performance and implement measures to cushion the impact of any economic crisis. Strengthening the ‘Only’ Natural Resources in Singapore (EGOIN’s O and I) In the 1980s, the threat of competition from lower-cost labour countries, and the disruptive effects of the oil crisis in 1973 and 1979 prompted a review in Singapore’s economic strategy. Singapore adopted numerous policies to improve labour productivity to increase competitiveness and sought to be the preferred regional headquarters for multinational corporations (MNCs) with world-class infrastructure, industrial parks and research facilities. Beginning of 21st century, Singapore became a maturing industrial state and faces the prospects of slower economic growth. The global slowdown in electronics demand and technology spending had affected Singapore’s annual growth rate to about 3 to 5%. However there is room to improve labour productivity by moving further up the value chain and upgrading skills. Singapore’s economic strategy shifted towards the development of the financial sector and the promotion of high value-added technology-intensive and skill-intensive exports of goods and services. The government spends heavily on its labour force by upgrading the quality of skills of the population by offering the Skills Development Fund (SDF) and promoting the Skills Programme for Upgrading and Resilience (SPUR). Both initiatives relates to high EGOIN’s ‘O’ and ‘I’. SDF aims to subsidize approved training of employees by employers. SPUR is to enhance the funding scheme developed to scale up training programmes to help companies and workers during economic downturn and to build strong capabilities for the recovery. In addition, the government also sets up the National Wage Council (NWC) to manage the wage and labour policies to maintain its export competitiveness and the harmonious relationships within the workforce. Education is another impetus for economic advancement, because knowledge will accumulate capital through profits made when it is applied to production of goods and services for domestic and export markets. This knowledge acquisition remained to be the centerpiece of government policy, with the recent push for continuous education at all levels of the population. However due to labour shortage, Singapore has to import a great numbers of labours and talents to raise the quantity and quality of the labour force to stay ahead of the competition and to sustain its economic progression. Finally, Singapore government continues to invest heavily in the human capital to encourage the workforce in learning for life and advancing with skills to meet the fast changing needs of the free market economy. Laying the Foundation for Economic Growth (EGOIN’s ‘E’ and ‘I’) Singapore continues to thrive in its rigorous business environment. This dynamic business landscape is developed by public enterprises through Government-Linked Companies (GLCs), like the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and SINGTEL. Their main purpose is to invest heavily in the physical infrastructure of the country to promote basic industries, building public infrastructure, and to undertake major business operations. Other reasons are to offset market failures and to correct entrepreneurial inadequacies, the flawed capital market, the lack of market information, and the unwillingness by the private sector to bear with the risk involved. These public enterprises played a major role by creating the â€Å"linkages† transmitting growth to other sectors of the economy. Other contributions of the public enterprises were in the fields of capital formation, value-added employment, and technological development. Another good example is the setting up of the EDB. Its objective is to promote the growth of the manufacturing industry by managing the industrial estates, providing financial incentives and assistance, and technical consultancy services as well as conducting economic research. EDB also sets up a Venture Capital Club (VCC) for local entrepreneurs to interact with potential investors and assists them towards high-technological industries and overseas investments. Another governmental agency, the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING) is established to encourage Singaporean entrepreneurship to supplement the MNC strategy by offering financial schemes and partnerships. The Singapore Science Park, One-North and Biopolis were established to house the MNCs and provide a focal point for industrial Research and Development. These illustrations had shown Singapore government’s strategy to shape a high EGOIN’s ‘E’ and ‘I’ by creating a global hub for business, investments and talents. Vital Modernization to Stay Ahead The following are other contributions for Singapore’s high EGOIN and strong economic performance: 1. Expanded Singapore’s economic space beyond the immediate region. Singapore has upgraded its capabilities by consolidating strengths in various niche areas, innovating, providing funds for Research and Development costs. Governmental agencies have also encourage public and private partnerships in overseas projects through joint ventures, financing, focusing on expert branding and developing overseas markets, especially the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Singapore needs to develop new engines of growth (health-care and education) while continue to strengthen its current economics pillars (electronics and finance). 2. Remake Singapore to be an innovative nation. Measures such as the broadening of the school curriculum; extend education subsidies to private universities; facilitate extended stay for retrenched foreign talents were put in place. An improved personal tax schemes to attract foreign entrepreneurs were implemented. In addition, local music and arts scene were boosted to make Singapore a more attractive and vibrant city for foreign talents to stay. CONCLUSION Singapore’s spectacular economic development is founded on policies that focus on strategic investment in infrastructure, education, skill upgrading, openness to capital, technology and ideas from abroad, as well as a cooperative relationship between labour, management and government. The policies improve EGOIN, hence, strengthen the domestic engine and facilitated its export-orientation behavior. This strategy attracted MNCs to invest in Singapore plus the many benefits such as a pro-business environment, attractive tax incentives, liberal immigration policies, skilled and talented labour force, robust infrastructure as well as the creation of a business-friendly environment that is supported by stable macroeconomic policies, an efficient legal system and a responsive pro-active stable  government. Its outward-looking policy allows Singapore to maximize freedom in trade and fully utilize its natural resources. Besides supporting the domestic engines, the governments also plays a critical role in developing and intertwine with the regional and global trade as explained in the Triple C theory. Combined with other policies adopted by the government, the economic transformation of Singapore is successful, moving from the Turtle into the Horse economy stage. We can conclude that the governments’ political will and its role to implement measures conducive to economic growth is the critical factor in Singapore’s economic transformation. The leading role of the efficient government in securing high EGOIN ensures the success of the Triple C and S-Curve theories, and its causes of transformation are definitely multi-causal. Finally, to succeed into the future with globalisation and rapid changes in the world’s economy, Singapore needs to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to global demand cycles. Hence the government must continue to upgrade its technology infrastructure, encourage entrepreneurship, and promote arts and music to transform Singapore into a cosmopolitan city-state attractive to both business and global talent. Reference Economic Development of Singapore (2009). Our History. Retrieved on Oct 9, 2010 from http://www. edb. gov. sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/about_edb/our_history. html Goh Keng Swee (1995). Wealth of East Asian Nations. Federal Publications: Singapore. Hui Ying Sng (2010). Economic Growth and Transition Econometric Analysis of Lims S-curve hypothesis. World Scientific Publishing: Singapore. Lim Chong Yah (2006). Southeast Asia – The Long Road Ahead. World Scientific Publishing: Singapore. Linda Lim (1998). The Political Economy of a City-state – Government-made Singapore. Oxford University Press: Singapore. Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore (2010). Growing Our Economy. Retrieved on Oct 9, 2010 from http://app. mti. gov. sg/default. asp? id=545 Peter Chen (1983). Singapore Development Policies and Trends. Oxford University Press: Singapore. Singapore Department of Statistics (2010). Statistics. Retrieved on Oct 3, 2010 from http://www. singstat. gov. sg/stats/latestdata. html Tan Khay Boon (2010). Political Economy of ASEAN – Study Guide. SIM University: Singapore Winston Koh (2006). The Economic Prospects of Singapore. Addison-Wesley: Singapore. Singapore Workforce Development Agency (2010). About Us. Retrieved on Oct 8, 2010 from http://app2. wda. gov. sg/web/Contents/Contents. aspx? ContId=8 Spring Singapore (2010). About Us. Retrieved on Oct 8, 2010 from http://www. spring. gov. sg/aboutus/pages/spring-singapore. aspx World Bank (2010). Gross National Income Per Capita 2009: Atlas Method and PPP, World Development Indicators database. Retrieved on Oct 3, 2010 from siteresources. worldbank. org/DATASTATISTICS/ /GNIPC. pdf World Economic Forum (2010). Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011. Retrieved on Oct 3, 2010 from http://www. weforum. org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index. htm

Muncha.Com free essay sample

1) Visit the thamel. com, shop. muncha. com. Compare the product/service offerings and online customer experience available on the site. Thamel. com is an ecommerce business to customer model operating in Nepal with a motive of providing services to millions of diaspora families living abroad and connects them with their friends and families in their home country. also known as †The Dot Com Company â€Å", it started its operation in the year 2000. t has been recognized as one of the successful ecommerce site in a developing country like Nepal and has been providing numerous services in the field of online remittances , ICT and development. Offering partnership with different companies and institutions, Thamel. com has been providing numerous services to facilitate its customers. Out of the various products and services available in Thamel. com mostly are the gift items categorized as special birthdays, anniversaries and different cultural occasions. The gifts items include ca kes, flowers, greetings, clothing, watches, mobiles, foot wears, pets etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Muncha.Com or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ith collaboration with Kumari Bank Limited, Everest bank Limited and Citizen Bank Limited, t has been providing different money transfer facilities from different part of the world to Nepal and not excluding different loan facilities to NRNs especially from Kumari Bank Limited as the sponsor bank for this site. It has also been emphasizing on the sale of Nepalese Khukuri affiliation with Nepalese khukuri house and Tibetan Thangka paintings from Thanka House in Thamel. The visit of site is comfortable and easy. It has broadly categorized its products and services to facilitate its customers. With respect to these broad categories are the sub categories which include numerous products as per the choice of the customers. Munchahouse. com, established in April 2000 was later on changed to Muncha. com which is another Business to Consumer site providing variety of products and services. It has differentiated and grouped its offering on the basis of merchants and product categories. It provides the products similar to that of Thamel. com. This site has books available as well as movie ticketing which is not available in Thamel. com. It has more offerings than Thamel. com. This site provides the service of online puja on behalf of customers as per their direction. Puja are performed by the Pandits of the respective temples as the site has established cordial relationship with them. The coverage of services is not only constrained to Kathmandu valley but also to over 120 destinations in Nepal. The objective of the site is to emphasize local electronic shopping conveniently from home. It provides almost all types of products and consumables that one person may acquire from the market. Like thamel. om, it has also affiliated its business with different merchants such as Benetton, Adidas, Nike, Bossini, Arrow and many others. Muncha. com has been a common platform for all these affiliation businesses to sell its product online. As soon as we enter the site, the products are all listed in their respective categories. Also the new arrivals are displayed in the home page so that the customer is updated with the new prod uct offerings in the market. Since the grouping is done on the basis of merchants, the regular customer of those particular merchants has an ease in shopping for the regular purchases.

Examining the Sample of Discusive Essay

Examining the Sample of Discusive EssayA sample of discursive essay is a good way to gain a basic understanding of what the professor expects from you. This will help you keep your grades up, and your grade points high. It will also be helpful if you are applying for an advanced-level class at your college.For college students applying for advanced-level courses, an advanced-level sample of discursive essay is often required for admission. The standard used is generally a journal entry of about 5 pages in length. Some students prefer this form because it's easier to digest, while others prefer the essay to be longer to help them craft a better argument. Each individual student will decide what works best for them.When preparing a sample of discursive essay, the student should familiarize themselves with the form and structure of journal entries. They will need to know how many columns, if any, there are, and if there are any blank spaces. They will also need to know how to capitalize and italicize the proper names of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and the singular and plural forms of the verb 'to be.' The last piece of information is necessary because of the grammatical issues with some of the forms of the verb 'to be.'The standard essay sample of discursive essay is usually three-quarters of a page in length. This is the sample that the admissions office normally requires. Many students are able to write this form on their own. However, if the student has some training in writing, this is also acceptable.A teacher or tutor may provide the student with additional assistance with this piece. The adviser or tutor will make the necessary corrections or tweaks that need to be made. This is an important step in preparing the student to present this essay as well as possible. The adviser or tutor can give extra tips and advice that the student will need in order to present their essay properly.For those students who are not confident in their writing skills, ther e are various ways to improve their paper. The best way is to practice a little with the sample of discursive essay. The essay will give students the experience needed to improve their writing and expand their writing skills.After the student has had a chance to practice writing an essay, they can start incorporating the tips and advice from the instructor or tutor into their own essay. If the student writes the essay correctly, then he or she will have the experience necessary to compose the essay well. This will help the student write a superior paper and apply the different techniques taught to them in the course.The student must be ready to face the obstacles and challenges that are unique to an advanced-level course in order to overcome the difficult areas and learn the lessons taught in the course. The student must understand the rules of grammar, punctuation, syntax, and clear writing style. They must be prepared to focus on these things and use them to their best ability in order to gain the edge over their peers in their advanced-level classes.

Rise of Nationalism

Introduction Nationalism can be defined as the attitude or feeling that people from a given nation have in regard to their national identity or the actions taken by people of a particular nation in an effort to establish their identity and self determination (Anonymous, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rise of Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nationalism has various effects to the people involved and this paper looks into the effects of nationalism on the roles of the working class, women, and minorities in an effort to achieve political power through both peaceful and violent revolutions during the period of 1789-1871 and the implications of the changing roles in various countries in Western Europe. Background Information Nationalism was a concept that existed in most parts of Europe and is considered to be very important in the history and development of Europe to the current state. I t is considered to be primarily a phenomenon of Western Europe. It started in Germany and was later adopted in Italy, France, Spain and England. There was the formation of many nationalistic and socialistic political parties in places like Spain, Romania, Germany and Italy among other places. Most of the parties however were not very successful and failed after a short time with some exception of those in places like Italy and Germany. This is as a result of use of violence by most of the parties a practice that led to intervention by law enforcers where actions were taken to stop the parties’ activities as they were considered a threat to the society. Many revolutions were involved in the spread of nationalism ideologies, for instance, the French revolution and more revolutions kept on emerging the most notable one being those that took place in 1848 (Leoussi, 2001). How The Rise Of Nationalism Affected The Efforts Of The Working Class, Women, And Minorities To Achieve Polit ical Power By Both Peaceful And Violent Revolution During The Period Of 1789-1871 The rise of nationalism had both positive and negative effects to the nations in which it was experienced. This was mostly seen in different people in the society in their efforts to attain political power for instance those who held different working positions, women and also the minorities in the nations. The political power was meant to be achieved through peaceful revolutions and also through revolutions where some violence was involved.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The French revolution of 1789 marked the beginning of the effects of nationalism in Europe. Liberal nationalism brought about the issue of right to vote. The right to vote and get political power through election was only granted to the working men or those who owned property. In most instances, women were reduced to the level o f minors and were expected to respect and work under the authority of men such as their husbands and fathers. The women were also given the roles of mothers and protecting the health of family and faced a lot of bad treatment for instance beatings, torture, rape and even sometimes murder. This led to the formation of opposition movements by the women and the men who owned no property throughout the nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century. The movements were aimed at fighting for equal political powers and rights (Chimisso, 2003). Nationalism also affected the minorities as it became a critical political aspect in which everyone in the nations was interested especially in regard to fighting for political rights and powers. As opposed to the traditional way where the minority ethnic groups sought to preserve and keep for themselves their attributes for instance in regard to political, cultural, religious and even linguistic practices they now had the urge to join efforts by coming together so as to fight for their rights and privileges in the nations. They became aware of the importance of attaining political autonomy and the creation of distinct and independent nation-states and hence they fought for the same although it was not granted immediately since the European integration lessened the opportunity and chances for separate statehood and transfer from one state to another. However, there have been many parties formed by the minority and they have had a major impact on the territorial organization of sovereign states in Europe especially Western Europe as they have become very strong and successful and their presence cannot be ignored or underemphasized (Musgrave, 2000). Although the effects of nationalism in Europe seemed to be positive at the beginning of the various revolutions, there were negative impacts that were associated with it and towards the end of the ninetieth century, the ideologies of nationalism seemed to have lost their positive motives and the energies they had in the beginning. Most of the nationalist movements and groups had conflicts and could not tolerate each other and chances of war among them were very high at all times (Anonymous, 2009). The Changing Roles of the Working Class, Women, and Minorities during this Period There are notable changes in the roles of different people in the society for instance the minorities, the women and the working class during the period in which nationalism took place and also thereafter as they all became enlightened and were aware of their social, economic and most importantly the political rights and could hence fight for them whenever they were denied through the movements and unions they had established and developed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rise of Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The women were rated very low in status and they were discriminate d in many aspect of life including cultural, social, and political fields. The role of women towards the end of the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century changed drastically and they became more important and public as opposed to when they were associated only with domestic affairs like marriages, child bearing, and taking care of their husband and family and nothing of public importance. They also had very limited freedom on matters of political and economic essence as they could also not be involved in economic issues or activities that would generate some income for them or even secure job opportunities in the major fields of the economy in their respective countries. They also had no right to vote or acquire property even after marriage and were liable to beatings from their husbands as they were considered subordinate to them and hence under their control. Nationalism brought with it some form of independence to the women and their domestic responsibilities ch anged along with their economic independence. The women could now demand greater political presence to compliment their raised social standards. They could also secure job employment and deal with both the domestic and office responsibilities which were not permitted in earlier centuries. The role of the minorities including the refugees and the small ethnic groups also changed significantly as they now had a voice in the affairs of the nations as opposed to when their rights were denied and faced discrimination from the majorities. Their power was based on their unity through the groups, movements and parties they formed as a means through which they could demand for their rights. They now could have voting rights and enjoy other political rights and privileges as they became actively involved in the nation’s activities. The roles of the working class and the men did not change greatly as in the first place they also had political freedom and the only change here was to acce pt that the minorities and the women had also gained power and freedom. Implications of the Changing Roles in Different Countries The changing roles of the women, the minorities and even the working class were not without implications in the different countries or nations where nationalism was experienced. The general implications of the changing roles of different people in the society were attainment of some degree of equality among the men, women and the minority where everybody archived some form of social and political freedom and could therefore not be undermined by the majority in any way. It also led to increased productivity in the different countries as everyone became actively involved in the activities that led to development in the economic, social and political sectors of the nation. There was also added pressures to the governing forces as they had to incorporate the political changes especially the running of the new formed nation-states into the central structure of the government (Chimisso, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Anonymous (2001). Nationalism. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ Anonymous (2009). Nationalism in Europe. Web. Chimisso, C. (2003). Exploring European Identities. New York: Open University Worldwide Ltd. Leoussi, S.A. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. London: Transaction Publishers. Musgrave, D.T. (2000). Self- Determination and National Minorities. New York: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Rise of Nationalism was written and submitted by user Lilandra to help you with your own studies. 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The Technology of Computer Wireless Networking essays

The Technology of Computer Wireless Networking essays Computer technology and use are more in demand today than ever. In an attempt to accommodate computer users, the amount of computer peripherals and accessories is on the rise. This paper will discuss particular hardware that is on the market today, which is wireless computer networking. Moreover, it will go in depth as to what exactly wireless networking entails, how to configure your computer for wireless networking and some advantages and disadvantages associated with wireless networking so potential users could determine if this type of hardware is one that would be suitable for their use. With computing technology on demand today, there is a wide variety of computer hardware on the market to select from, depending on the needs of the user. A specific type of hardware that is of special interest to me is wireless computer networking. I would like to discuss what wireless networking entails, how it works and some advantages and disadvantages associated with the hardware. To begin with, wireless computer networking is the ability to link multiple computer systems in a household together without any wires. One may wonder how this could be possible, and this will be discussed later on in this paper. At any rate, this type of technology could be proven useful in a household with a lot of computer users to even a single household user with a desktop PC and a laptop. It all depends on the frequency of use for the system, which now and days majority of households depend on computer technology in one way or another. Currently, there are four types of wireless networks available: Bluetooth, IrDA, HomeRF (SWAP), and WECA (Wi-Fi). The difference between them is the range from slow and inexpensive to fast and expensive. Bluetooth is not readily available on the market, and WECA (Wi-Fi) is mostly used in offices instead of homes because it is expensive and complicated to set up (How wireless networking w ...

Cultural Differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Differences - Essay Example In order to understand how diversity comes about of the age, let us take an example of a right-handed individual who is forced to work with his left hand in order to come to terms with the reckoning as to how diversity makes its mark and how workplace understanding is derived. This right-handed person will have a better idea of how the varied workers in terms of culture have to come to terms with the changing work dynamics and how difficult it is to see things through on a day to day basis. It would ask for him to remain head on and very strong with gaining the much-needed insight and understanding that is required here. It will also tell this right-handed worker how he would give space to the culturally diverse workforce when it commits mistakes and when they are unable to understand a particular entity within the business dynamics in the time and age of today. The manner in which this right-handed individual will learn in this context is somewhat of an empathy-building exercise bec ause he will gain the vital comprehension as to how the left-handed workers would be doing their jobs and what they need to do in order to move ahead with their respective lives. An example of understanding gender difference is made clear when women are not given the same rights within the business settings as their male counterparts. This means that their salaries are lower as compared to the males within the workplace and they receive lower cadres within the organizational hierarchies. Also, these women are not chosen for the top echelon of the business enterprise which is a direct distinction between the males and females – a fact that is underpinned by the debate of gender differences.

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 1 Essay

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 1 - Essay Example Likewise, there was a need to assess internal resources (including financial support, as well as coordinated time and effort of all members) to make the transferring to another home, possible. In addition, not only was there a need to transfer to a new local community, but to search for the nearby educational institutions, as well as employment opportunities to support and sustain a successful change. Personal Experience as a Story of Change Just like the stories of change presented by authors Palmer, Dunford, & Akin (2009), the story of moving made it a story of change due to the presence of both internal and external factors that contribute to the need to change. Likewise, after establishing the need, the strategies were aptly designed to ensure that the actual change (moving) is implemented within a defined time frame, and with little resistance, as possible. Of course, all members of the family need to be duly informed, and as much as possible, any resistance to the required chan ge had to be effectively addressed and managed through strategies that included open communication, proposing opportunities for growth, and emphasizing that the future would be more productive and rewarding with the proposed change. Similarities with Change Lessons From Hewlett- Packard change story, the following elements were similarly present in one’s personal story of change: (1) that â€Å"different interests need to be recognized and addressed† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9); (2) that the interests apparently provoked different reactions to the change process: from resistance, anxiety, anticipation, relief, among others; (3) that skills of negotiation and persuasion are needed in the process; (4) that â€Å"communicating change often entails providing a vision of the future that is compelling† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9); and (5) that pressures or factors that led to change come from both internal and external sources. Moving to another re sidence share these similarities in terms of having identified that internal and external factors impinge on the current status and necessitate moving. For instance, the change in employment or assignment to another state was the primary reason for moving and that retaining the current residence would have been unproductive and irrational. From the IBM change story, one noted that there were similarities shared in terms of having recognized: (1) that â€Å"change requires a marshaling of appropriate resources† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9). Likewise, from the change story of Kodak, one shared the same experience in terms of manifesting that â€Å"change involves risk and uncertainty† and that its consequences could not always be predicted (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9). There were similarities in one’s personal change story after identifying that current financial resources need to be evaluated to assess the feasibility for moving and to determine if the potential income related to the new employment of one’s father could aptly support the cost of living in the new state. Of course, there were risks and uncertainties that include being immersed in a new environment and being potentially exposed to unfamiliar people with diverse cultural backgrounds. The elements that were utterly not applicable in one’